tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-74715502701501872852024-03-20T01:57:45.963-07:00Of Sorts for ProvincialsInformation on 18th century American firearms, the Virginia back country and related material culture.Jimhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07469147287637455019noreply@blogger.comBlogger82125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7471550270150187285.post-85798413573286855952024-03-18T17:34:00.000-07:002024-03-18T19:02:05.442-07:00Backcountry gardens
<div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhK7ovkQO4M37XyeAaM50M3U4sunJj9l7ye_hmpBNU3DDC4TMddLFKV3jlllEQE-EyD2Eto2q2M01smha9bHobzoGLB5SiRKOUBdeaUu23bMMQvKrR8IJi9iiLZmdxD00WcA2XWfaJrxMpvdh48kPJ_TnwfrRouKgLJ-w6s71Hk7V2yoRZAPKz5quaWPPVT/s842/Screenshot%202024-03-18%20at%2019-40-07%20Paul%20Sandby%20%281731-1809%29%20-%20The%20Norman%20Gateway%20and%20Moat%20Garden%20Windsor%20Castle.png" style="display: block; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="591" data-original-width="842" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhK7ovkQO4M37XyeAaM50M3U4sunJj9l7ye_hmpBNU3DDC4TMddLFKV3jlllEQE-EyD2Eto2q2M01smha9bHobzoGLB5SiRKOUBdeaUu23bMMQvKrR8IJi9iiLZmdxD00WcA2XWfaJrxMpvdh48kPJ_TnwfrRouKgLJ-w6s71Hk7V2yoRZAPKz5quaWPPVT/s320/Screenshot%202024-03-18%20at%2019-40-07%20Paul%20Sandby%20%281731-1809%29%20-%20The%20Norman%20Gateway%20and%20Moat%20Garden%20Windsor%20Castle.png" width="320" /></a></div>
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The Norman Gateway and Moat Garden, Windsor Castle c. 1770 </i></div><div style="text-align: center;"><i>by Paul Sandby (<a href="https://www.rct.uk/collection/914535/the-norman-gateway-and-moat-garden-windsor-castle">Royal Collection Trust</a>)</i><br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"><br />
On the eve of the first day of spring, I'd like to share some information on what produce was being grown in the gardens of the 18th-century backcountry in Colonial America- as one cannot live on parched corn and jerky alone. In the late 1760s in the Carolinas, the <a href="https://people.smu.edu/mappingthega/stories/s3/">Reverend Charles Woodmason</a> complained about "Subsisting on my Bisket and Rice Water and <a href="https://www.mountvernon.org/the-estate-gardens/gardens-landscapes/plant-finder/item/muskmelon/">Musk Melons</a>, Cucumbers, Green Apples and Peaches and such Trash."<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEieahb45ZhbyBHYhh4BEo9SKr2xoU98hFfcTBwl8-Fsw1hB5zkaN5Q_iYvyAljOIFP4RArteLNXQRrxSughwNcwdApAFGlwZkChdg-1LOF-7A7R9DrCjXGNtSHkwf0wGoeYfcKW25bWj-9VwTh8rMHqxIkx2nCl90gJ0uH_apaPzqO5kMm_JdrPPTk5CBSS/s1024/S%C3%A1nchez_Cot%C3%A1n_%28Bodeg%C3%B3n_con_membrillo,_repollo,_mel%C3%B3n_y_pepino%29.jpg" style="display: block; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="828" data-original-width="1024" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEieahb45ZhbyBHYhh4BEo9SKr2xoU98hFfcTBwl8-Fsw1hB5zkaN5Q_iYvyAljOIFP4RArteLNXQRrxSughwNcwdApAFGlwZkChdg-1LOF-7A7R9DrCjXGNtSHkwf0wGoeYfcKW25bWj-9VwTh8rMHqxIkx2nCl90gJ0uH_apaPzqO5kMm_JdrPPTk5CBSS/s320/S%C3%A1nchez_Cot%C3%A1n_%28Bodeg%C3%B3n_con_membrillo,_repollo,_mel%C3%B3n_y_pepino%29.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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Still Life with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quince,_Cabbage,_Melon_and_Cucumber">Quince, Cabbage, Melon, and Cucumber</a>, </div><div style="text-align: center;">ca. 1602, Juan Sánchez Cotán.
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Annie (Henry) Christian of <a href="http://ofsortsforprovincials.blogspot.com/2014/12/bearded-people-dunkards-in-new-river.html">Dunkard's bottom</a> wrote to her sister in law, Anne (Christian) Fleming at her home <a href="http://ofsortsforprovincials.blogspot.com/2023/05/revolutionary-war-roanoke-william.html">Belmont</a> (Roanoke, Virginia) on April 29, 1775 "...I left some <a href="https://www.adamsmithworks.org/speakings/wilmeth-what-smith-ate-turnips">Turnip</a> seed behind a glass in your Hall (if I remember right) with please send @ first oppertunity, & I must beg some <a href="https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/edible/vegetables/cabbage/colewort.htm">Colewort</a> [kale] seed [and?] Cabbage seed from you, as all that Mr. Christian brought me up, Seems good for nothing...P.S. I want a little <a href="https://www.colonialwilliamsburg.org/learn/recipes/forced-cucumbers/">Cucumber</a> seed too." [MSS x-4 Washington & Lee University
<a href="https://www.archivesspace.wlu.edu/repositories/5/resources/11">William and Anne Fleming Family papers</a> ] </div><div></div><div></div><div></div><div><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_sMNpOpoY_vwyx72sti46JXKbusnfhZ-f_-PiGWZz6HlgveYfq-crwj4rvPe-rhArVQmGuY3KobOCP8wH5ySrI4vtUdTu8T-B-9hFdQIyS4T0a0SQFT8FMFSIVgAl2CeCkobURKJQ2ahg7VPjXUA82P-0ovGAn1fGcq_0Bg0UvHl4cngKYmfrqk0drui4/s700/James_Nourse.jpg" style="display: block; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="700" data-original-width="623" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_sMNpOpoY_vwyx72sti46JXKbusnfhZ-f_-PiGWZz6HlgveYfq-crwj4rvPe-rhArVQmGuY3KobOCP8wH5ySrI4vtUdTu8T-B-9hFdQIyS4T0a0SQFT8FMFSIVgAl2CeCkobURKJQ2ahg7VPjXUA82P-0ovGAn1fGcq_0Bg0UvHl4cngKYmfrqk0drui4/s320/James_Nourse.jpg" /></a></div> </div><div style="text-align: center;"><i>Sarah and James Nourse </i><br /></div><div> </div><div>While traveling in Kentucky in the same year, Virginian <a href="http://www.noursefamily.net/">James Nourse</a> <a href="http://www.noursefamily.net/journals/JAH-VolumeXIX-Number3-1925.pdf">wrote</a> about the food (including fresh greens) he ate:
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<i>"Sunday, June 18th ....Stopt about half an hour to eat <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morus_%28plant%29">Mulberries</a>- by which means got wet before we got to Harrod's between 5 and 6 oClock, got an excellent stew of buffalo and as much <a href="https://thehistoricfoodie.wordpress.com/2018/09/07/lettuce-through-time/">Lettuce</a> and young <a href="https://www.tasteofhome.com/article/endive/">Endive</a> as I could eat but no bread, made as good a Meal as ever I would with-a tolerable good house having a floor and a Chimney but not stopt- a pleasant situation & good water. Monday 19th Having breakfasted upon Stewed pork without Bread or Salad, proceeded for Boonsburg..."</i></div><div><i> </i></div><div><span><a href="https://www.kyhistory.com/digital/collection/Calk2/id/5">William Calk's Journal</a> </span>of his trip to Kentucky mentions<i> "...Elk gardin...Suplid our Selves with Seed Corn & irish tators...a walet of Corn..."[March 30, 1775].<br /></i></div><div><i> </i></div><div>An extensive list of the vegetable, flower and fruit seeds that "Messers Benton and Wharton" shipped to the Illinois country in 1768 is available in <i>Appendix C</i> of Mark Baker's <a href="https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/4681/">"Sons of a Trackless Forest"</a> (print version only).<i><br /></i></div>Jimhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07469147287637455019noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7471550270150187285.post-90754421371890675392024-02-06T07:20:00.000-08:002024-02-20T05:54:56.542-08:00Fort Robinson on the Holston<p> In 1761, the second year of the <a href="https://ofsortsforprovincials.blogspot.com/2020/10/a-timeline-of-virginia-cherokee.html">Cherokee campaign,</a> Virginia forces plodded on; recently promoted Provincial commander <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Stephen">Colonel Adam Stephen</a> wrote from his post at the <a href="https://archives.roueche.org/archives/1704">Long Island of the Holston</a> river (in modern Kingsport, TN):</p><p>"I have erected a square redoubt of hewed logs on a piece of very strong ground on the banks of the river, with four bastions, the exterior 120 feet. I have done this from the just sense I have of the great advantage of it will be to have a post maintained here, either by the King or Colony. It is the only advanced between Pittsburg & Ft. Prince George, commands a large river navigable to the Mississippi & not only awes the Cherokees, but several other numerous tribes of Indians."</p><p>
</p><p></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKVWSnuBMpeZhPzmXmKI4X_03r6570RLKz9T1r2oRXQH7oN0ad3cQoc4My_hwtCGuGLc_7RDoziFdOA-KSQD7w2ZUl50QHB66jKD-szGL_Nqx9rY2Kr5dugrQF3zudyFynCC9bNemXrCzvI1jhFncQWl0gX4wO3RF93i9HnxKD3gTM720brdEbDqcgEQ/s640/2974785_web1_gtr-cannonball-blane-090320.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="498" data-original-width="640" height="249" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKVWSnuBMpeZhPzmXmKI4X_03r6570RLKz9T1r2oRXQH7oN0ad3cQoc4My_hwtCGuGLc_7RDoziFdOA-KSQD7w2ZUl50QHB66jKD-szGL_Nqx9rY2Kr5dugrQF3zudyFynCC9bNemXrCzvI1jhFncQWl0gX4wO3RF93i9HnxKD3gTM720brdEbDqcgEQ/s320/2974785_web1_gtr-cannonball-blane-090320.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><i> </i></div><div style="text-align: center;"><i>Watercolor illustration of Fort Ligonier, Pennsylvania from 1762. </i></div><div style="text-align: center;"><i>The "square redoubt of hewed logs" at Fort Robinson may have closely resembled this view.</i><br /></div><div><p><br /><br />
The fort was at the end of a line of advance posts and camps that Virginia provincial forces had recently erected, departing in stages from the forts in the Roanoke valley, stretching towards Fort Loudon in Tennessee (Byrd papers, Volume 2 note on page 727)<i><br /><br />Bryan's to Dunkard Bottom [Pulaski County, Virginia] 40 miles<br />thence to Sayer's Mill [Reedy Creek at Ft Chiswell-Modern Wytheville] 24<br />Thence to Davis' 26<br />thence to Stahlnaker's 25 [Marion Va/Chillhowie/ Fort Attakullakulla]<br />thence to the halfway spring 25<br />thence to the Big Island 25 [Kingsport TN Fort Robinson]</i> <br /></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYINSAiuYO7hXrAmc1NOjyt4Ou3k4L6-jo1r89XvN9VzIy_7C9yAWhXES6I8tdsB1K1LTXPHDiGi5yiLR6ItCHB07tn5uKCwf9z35vhrOf46qJgRaBJH84MXCpk76ngUPDW2ywvf0gqF9ZIfOXWw9sBGp1B0Ps_SS4PgmuFk-DbTyRksIPpTk3i19LyrKv/s3027/holston%20drainage%201766%20map.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2125" data-original-width="3027" height="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYINSAiuYO7hXrAmc1NOjyt4Ou3k4L6-jo1r89XvN9VzIy_7C9yAWhXES6I8tdsB1K1LTXPHDiGi5yiLR6ItCHB07tn5uKCwf9z35vhrOf46qJgRaBJH84MXCpk76ngUPDW2ywvf0gqF9ZIfOXWw9sBGp1B0Ps_SS4PgmuFk-DbTyRksIPpTk3i19LyrKv/s320/holston%20drainage%201766%20map.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br /><p></p><p style="text-align: center;"><i> Detail from a 1766 <a href="https://quod.lib.umich.edu/w/wcl1ic/x-562/wcl000665">map</a> showing the Holston river in relation to Fort Chiswell, Wytheville Virginia <br /></i></p><p style="text-align: center;"><i>(labelled "Bird's camp in 1760"), Fort Loudon in Tennessee and Fort Prince George in South Carolina.</i></p><p style="text-align: center;"><i>"A map of the Indian nations in the southern department, 1766". William L. Clements Library, University of Michigan Library Digital Collections </i></p><p style="text-align: center;"><i> <br /></i></p><p style="text-align: center;"><i></i></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><i><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmdW3JPvJmTCmKLZXhOKQsVVnHneMJL0JxlIQEEGUQYYquM92yowxT9Bu-KZAhJW_9Ho4tQKV_9JcGKj1-VkGzUFg8P5UIfszfBDCVSWANYyVAWKIAAV0PDiEHv2v8Zt-YiSFcEWe4Ythz12iOBVjqPjU2bbO74lmKktdv6YckUtuMwAMPwqghXyYiK-MC/s2560/john%20robinson%20cwf%201930%20592.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2560" data-original-width="2089" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmdW3JPvJmTCmKLZXhOKQsVVnHneMJL0JxlIQEEGUQYYquM92yowxT9Bu-KZAhJW_9Ho4tQKV_9JcGKj1-VkGzUFg8P5UIfszfBDCVSWANYyVAWKIAAV0PDiEHv2v8Zt-YiSFcEWe4Ythz12iOBVjqPjU2bbO74lmKktdv6YckUtuMwAMPwqghXyYiK-MC/s320/john%20robinson%20cwf%201930%20592.jpg" width="261" /></a></i></div><p style="text-align: center;"><i> Portrait of Speaker John Robinson (1704-1766) <a href="https://emuseum.history.org/objects/6140/portrait-of-speaker-john-robinson-17041766">Colonial Williamsburg Foundation</a></i></p><p></p><p style="text-align: left;">This fort was named for Speaker of the House of Burgesses and Colony Treasurer, John Robinson. Robinson was Colonel John Chiswell's son in law, and had invested with Chiswell and recently resigned Virginia Provincial commander, Colonel William Byrd in the <a href="https://ofsortsforprovincials.blogspot.com/2021/02/a-list-of-negroes-at-lead-mines.html">lead mines</a> named for Chiswell in modern Austinville, Virginia.<i> </i></p><p style="text-align: left;">Colonel Adam Stephen's "General Return of the troops at Great Island", dated November 28, 1761, showed 744 men of the Virginia Regiment, 408 North Carolina Provincials (including 52 <a href="https://www.ncpedia.org/american-indians/tuscarora">Tuscarora Indians</a>) for a total of 1,152 men present at that point (Fauquier papers page 654).<i> </i> </p><p style="text-align: left;"> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWs4_H9RAuKrRqdNa3yxIH8t2VFzFaYD81E-oYX2Yf4Xr_ihgUUSr6zr5Nxx3pEXuGagzLKkGp9APzA2fw3DtvnIC3Oszwc1sYKNWtHYDBXN3-JIQDgPjhJigLIc-4YV_Fwi65Zp5E96X78PJFSzZlu-ZFMLyDBTbnVSX3QgtYDS_PeCO9FZaimqtTdSIS/s1280/Christoph_von_Graffenried_(1661-1743)_and_John_Lawson_(1674-1711)_as_prisoners_of_the_Tuscarora,_1711.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="788" data-original-width="1280" height="197" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWs4_H9RAuKrRqdNa3yxIH8t2VFzFaYD81E-oYX2Yf4Xr_ihgUUSr6zr5Nxx3pEXuGagzLKkGp9APzA2fw3DtvnIC3Oszwc1sYKNWtHYDBXN3-JIQDgPjhJigLIc-4YV_Fwi65Zp5E96X78PJFSzZlu-ZFMLyDBTbnVSX3QgtYDS_PeCO9FZaimqtTdSIS/s320/Christoph_von_Graffenried_(1661-1743)_and_John_Lawson_(1674-1711)_as_prisoners_of_the_Tuscarora,_1711.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br /><p></p><p style="text-align: center;"><i> <span class="mw-mmv-title"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Christoph_von_Graffenried_(1661-1743)_and_John_Lawson_(1674-1711)_as_prisoners_of_the_Tuscarora,_1711.jpg">Christoph von Graffenried </a>(1661-1743), <a href="https://www.ncpedia.org/biography/lawson-john-0">John Lawson</a> (1674-1711), </span></i></p><p style="text-align: center;"><i><span class="mw-mmv-title">and an enslaved man as prisoners of the Tuscarora, 1711. This drawing depicts the moments before Lawson's torture and execution at the hands of the Tuscarora in 1711.<br /></span></i></p><p style="text-align: left;">Returns from December, 1761 show that military stores there contained:<i> 6 Barrells of powder, 4 Casks of Cartridges, 1 Cask of Flints, 300 Weight of Barr Lead, 100 [pounds] Buck Shott, 2 Casks of Musket Balls, 20 Quires of Cartridge paper... 15,000 Weight Flower, 3,000 Weight Beef </i>(Fauquier papers page 653).</p><p style="text-align: left;">On November 19, 1761, a 400 man delegation led by Kanagatucko, the "nominal king of the Cherokees,"arrived and sued for peace with Colonel Stephen. Kanagatucko asked for an
officer to accompany them back to the Cherokee towns. Virginia <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Timberlake">Ensign Henry Timberlake</a> left Fort Robinson to join the Cherokee as a diplomatic hostage on November 28th, 1761. He would later return and escort Cherokee emissaries to London.<br /></p><p style="text-align: left;"></p><p style="text-align: left;">The fort appears to have been abandoned in 1762 as Virginia forces withdrew at the conclusion of the campaign, but it was later reoccupied as "<a href="https://tennesseeencyclopedia.net/entries/fort-patrick-henry/">Fort Patrick Henry</a>" in 1776. <br /><i> </i><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p>Jimhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07469147287637455019noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7471550270150187285.post-72743022268458232292023-11-10T09:04:00.005-08:002023-11-10T11:42:26.304-08:00Dunmore's War 250th Encampment August 31st, 2024<p style="text-align: center;"><i><b> "...We according marched, we marched to the waters of New River to Drapers Meadows at Col. Billy Prestons..."</b></i><br /></p><p> </p><p style="text-align: center;">Pension Application of<a href="https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwijzrGp67mCAxUND1kFHavWDmcQFnoECBYQAQ&url=https%3A%2F%2Frevwarapps.org%2Fw279.pdf&usg=AOvVaw1o6J00yhugflgMGNuy7k66&opi=89978449"> Robert Bleakley (Blakeley) W279</a> </p><p style="text-align: center;">Transcribed and annotated by C. Leon Harris<br /></p><p><br />The encampment will be centered around a Composite/Model Company scenario, portraying a <a href="https://ofsortsforprovincials.blogspot.com/2019/07/virginia-militia-clothing-and-equipment.html">volunteer company of Virginians</a> in August 1774 on the spot where they originally encamped at <a href="https://ofsortsforprovincials.blogspot.com/2021/01/setting-genteel-table-william-prestons.html">William Preston's</a> home prior to marching to battle at Point Pleasant. </p><p>Participation is juried, and by invitation only. Emphasis will be on quality, not quantity, and participants will be doing some interpretation, drill and demonstrations for the general public during daytime hours (reading Glenn Williams' book on <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Dunmores-War-Conflict-Americas-Colonial/dp/1594161666">Dunmore's War</a> is highly recommended). For consideration email virginiaregiment@hotmail.com with images of yourself in kit. Female impressions should be centered around sewing hunting shirts/grain bags for the group during public hours.<br /><br />When: The Weekend of August 31st, 2024. Friday (8/30) night arrivals, Sunday morning departures (no public programming on Sunday).<br /><br />Where: <a href="https://www.historicsmithfield.org/">Historic Smithfield</a>, Blacksburg Virginia.<br /><br />Wear: Civilian clothes with the majority of participants in unbleached linen "Osnabrigs" <a href="https://scholarworks.wm.edu/honorstheses/572/">hunting shirts</a> and blue woolen "Indian leggings". See below.</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1N-NsawVoNLRrJMWVcVTexNbs282ZwH5Ddpe__DDY8fWE5SV1vGJL1Eom8xgVwqv_wNfXT66SAhL_L-OWdFuVmW3s6At9g2xR71LoXDUcoZ8mnIA1x6nrS1GFQABBu4KXVcCJ0s6LeGrAHGftU_xhyo8eCl54y9xj6s-flEc0tdw9oD1NqWkV1j_riA/s2604/dunmore%20kit%20example.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2604" data-original-width="1308" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1N-NsawVoNLRrJMWVcVTexNbs282ZwH5Ddpe__DDY8fWE5SV1vGJL1Eom8xgVwqv_wNfXT66SAhL_L-OWdFuVmW3s6At9g2xR71LoXDUcoZ8mnIA1x6nrS1GFQABBu4KXVcCJ0s6LeGrAHGftU_xhyo8eCl54y9xj6s-flEc0tdw9oD1NqWkV1j_riA/s320/dunmore%20kit%20example.jpg" width="161" /></a></div> <p></p><div style="text-align: center;">Participants are encouraged to dress in osnabrigs hunting shirts and blue leggings.</div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br />The Volunteer companies from western Virginia mustered in their civilian clothing and for the most part brough their personal arms and equipment. Some of the westernmost companies under Lewis appear to have purchased unbleached osnabrig linen hunting shirts and blue woolen Indian leggins, as well as other minor necessaries such as clasp knives and printed handkerchiefs from local stores.<br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"></div><div style="text-align: left;"></div><div style="text-align: left;"></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br />Rifled arms were preferred, but shortages of rifled arms meant that some men were armed with smoothbores. The portion of the army under Dunmore received 300 stands of arms and accoutrements (bayonets and cartridge boxes) from the magazine in Williamsburg, the western companies appear to have utilized shot bags and horns exclusively. <br /><br />Tomahawks or small hatchets appear to have been common sidearms. <br /><br />Modern glasses and facial hair of any kind beyond three days’ growth will not be allowed (three days' growth being assumed to be similar in appearance to the British grenadier in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Morier#/media/File:The_Battle_of_Culloden.jpg">Morier's Culloden painting</a>).</div><div style="text-align: left;"> </div><div style="text-align: left;"> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibPHZrj4lxG8bTlLXmYiXls5mLutf1q6bisqu7IHu_M8yPr7w3Ke1ejl3g-aZm4gCjOutYZf1pgVW_V86Mud0yGTScpmdzfRTdM-g-qHEt07ZES__skcFHwYFOyb9crxjK_sGuwjRm9gIA9RYV6ycPMBmkyPwzKaAKXMLtHG_ShJZNXRvyDXpM7gyeV-xP/s199/5%20oclock%20shadow.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="199" data-original-width="192" height="199" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibPHZrj4lxG8bTlLXmYiXls5mLutf1q6bisqu7IHu_M8yPr7w3Ke1ejl3g-aZm4gCjOutYZf1pgVW_V86Mud0yGTScpmdzfRTdM-g-qHEt07ZES__skcFHwYFOyb9crxjK_sGuwjRm9gIA9RYV6ycPMBmkyPwzKaAKXMLtHG_ShJZNXRvyDXpM7gyeV-xP/s1600/5%20oclock%20shadow.jpg" width="192" /></a></div><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"> <i>Detail from Morier showing the outer limits of acceptable facial fuzz for the event. </i><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br />Participants will be expected to encamp in reproduction tents (or sleep outside under the stars) with minimal camp equipment.</div><div style="text-align: left;"><br />Clothing: <br /><br />Civilian clothes, Eighteenth century men commonly wore a coat, waistcoat and breeches of linen, wool, cotton, silk or a blended fabric, as well as a linen or cotton shirt, black felt hat, and wool or linen stockings, buckled shoes and a stock or handkerchief around their neck. <br /><br /><br />A full civilian suit of appropriate cut and fabrics with the addition of an <a href="http://ofsortsforprovincials.blogspot.com/2011/06/reproducing-hunting-shirt-quick-and.html">unbleached linen hunting shirt</a> (caped, fringed and open before) and blue woolen Indian <a href="http://ofsortsforprovincials.blogspot.com/2011/03/breechclouts-and-leggings-low-budget.html">leggings</a> are preferred (numerous instances of 1.25 to 2 yards of "coating" or "blue cloth" were purchased for this purpose). Sleeved waistcoats and linen trousers are acceptable substitutions.</div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjCEg0P-Mh365CMTvn_ot429OoPlS120qSHtMl1Famc-Z-00ohWztpRu38c51Xq-w2HKEbArzbCVm2loLUkNx7gdZFe4KRT6pCDXqhgImzlE3CSxqfIlAjAta0U9YFPCXjnW2YnZrCbGCPS/s550/Haymaker_rifle2a.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="245" data-original-width="550" height="143" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjCEg0P-Mh365CMTvn_ot429OoPlS120qSHtMl1Famc-Z-00ohWztpRu38c51Xq-w2HKEbArzbCVm2loLUkNx7gdZFe4KRT6pCDXqhgImzlE3CSxqfIlAjAta0U9YFPCXjnW2YnZrCbGCPS/s320/Haymaker_rifle2a.jpg" width="320" /></a><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"> <div style="text-align: center;">
<i><a href="http://midsouthrescue.tripod.com/thebrinkerfamilyhistory/id23.html" target="_blank">1770s rifle</a> by Adam Haymaker of Winchester Virginia. </i></div><div style="text-align: center;"><i>Haymaker was later paid for "repair of Guns" for the campaign in October 1775.</i></div></div><div style="text-align: left;"> </div><div style="text-align: left;">Preferred Arms:<br />Pre 1774 American rifle (barrel 36 inches or more) with a wooden or 2 piece brass box. <a href="https://ofsortsforprovincials.blogspot.com/2019/01/kibler-rifle-kits.html">Kibler</a> "Colonial American" or "Woodsrunner" kits are recommended for the novice.<br /><br />Pre 1774 British military musket, <a href="https://ofsortsforprovincials.blogspot.com/search?updated-max=2023-03-16T09:54:00-07:00&max-results=7">fowling piece</a>, Dutch musket, or Indian trading/Carolina gun, or an American composite gun featuring parts of the above.<br /><br />Accoutrements:<br />Plain, small leather <a href="http://ofsortsforprovincials.blogspot.com/2011/03/making-shot-bag-or-pouch-part-1-of-2.html">shot bag</a> (around 7 inches square with flap and shoulder strap)<br /><a href="http://ofsortsforprovincials.blogspot.com/2011/03/making-powderhorn.html">Powderhorn</a> in good repair/well sealed (large 1 pound or so capacity)<br />Powder measure of tin, horn or antler<br />Pre 1774 style hatchet, tomahawk or small axe with leather cover for the blade.<br />Blanket- white woolen with red, blue or black stripes, recommended to be carried with a hoppus or blanket strap.<br />Canteen- staved wood, tin, or a glass bottle for water<br /><a href="http://ofsortsforprovincials.blogspot.com/2011/03/wallets.html">Market wallet </a>for small necessaries and rations<br /><br />Documentation:<br /><br />Pension Application of Robert Bleakley (Blakeley) W279<br />Transcribed and annotated by C. Leon Harris<br />[Capitalization and punctuation partly corrected]<br />State of Kentucky } Sct<br />Wayne County }<br />On this 24 day of September 1832 personally appeared in Open Court before the County Court th<br />of the County court of Wayne and State of Kentucky Robert Blakely a Resident of Wayne County<br />and State of Kentucky aged seventy four years or seventy five years old on the 12 day of th<br />January 1833, who Being first duly Sworn, according to law, doth on his oath make the following<br />Declaration in order to obtain the Benefit of the act of Congress passed June 7 1832 th<br />That he entered the service of the United States under the following named officers and served<br />as first Sirgent as herein stated.<br />My first service was in the latter part of September 1773 I enlisted with Capt. John Floyd<br />as a volunteer for 18 months to go to the opost [outpost?] on or near the Ohio. Col. Charles<br />Lewis was Col and Andrew Lewis Chief Commander of the Expedition, & I then lived in Henry<br />county Virginia [formed from Pittsylvania County in 1777] on Black Watter [Blackwater River, in<br />Franklin County since 1786]. We according marched, we marched to the waters of New River to<br />Drapers Meadows at Col. Billy Prestons [William Preston’s plantation at present Blacksburg] we<br />then marched down new River to the mouth of the Cannawwa [sic: Kanawha River at Point<br />Pleasant] and on the 10 day of October 1774 we had a severe battle under Andrew Lewis our th<br />chief commander and other officers, with the Shawnee Indians. 86 of our men was killed in the<br />battle & many wounded. Charles Lewis was mortally wounded <a href="https://ofsortsforprovincials.blogspot.com/2023/05/revolutionary-war-roanoke-william.html">Col. William Flemming</a> [sic:<br />William Fleming] of Roan Oak [sic: Roanoke River near Big Lick, now Roanoke VA] was our<br />Doctor or Surgeon. on the next day the Indians sent in a flag & Govenor Dunmore came up with<br />about 2000 more officers & soldiers, and the Indian agreed to capitulate and gave 5 Indians as<br />Hostages, to be sent to this Opost, untill a final Treaty.<br /><br />[Capt. William Russell to Col. William Preston. 3QQ78- undated believed to be August 1774]<br /><br />Dr. Colo. I have long expected to have been releived, by Men at our Forts, that the Volunteers might March, to the appointed place of Rendezvous: such relief was promised the Men when they Engaged and such they must have; other ways are ready, only some brown Linen which Mr. Brander told me, <br />should be up before the Army Marched from Rendezvous..."<br /><br />Capt Wm Russell to Col. William Preston <br />August 28th, 1774<br /><br />"Dr. Colo. I have got as fare as Mr. Branders with a handful of Men out of my own Company. I think our Number of private Men is thirty one....the Men I have, are fit for the business, but are badly fix'd, for want of Hunting shirts, and Blankets; but as I hear Mr. Branders Waggon,<br />is on this side New River; I hope we shall get supply'd...I shall be glad Sir., if it can be done, to have a Gun provided against we come down, as I have a very good Hand without: when I was in the service before, there was near twenty press'd Guns: which the Country freely pay'd for,<br /> and I doubt not, but the same necessity will be allowed now..."<br /></div><br /><div style="text-align: left;"> </div><div style="text-align: left;"> </div><div style="text-align: left;">New Dublin August 4th 1774<p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.51in;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">To
1¼ yds blue Cloth for leggons….@6……...…..- 7 - 6</span></span></p> <br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"> </div><div style="text-align: left;">New Dublin August 23 1774<br /><br />47 Capt Harrod & [per] Cowen<br /><br /> ...To Jno Cloys wife for making Hunting Shirts...1/2/6<br /> Miss Sally Kincaid for making 10 shirts 1/10/-<br /> To Miss Grills for making 9 do 1/7/-<br /><br />[Col. William Christian to Col. William Preston. 3QQ89]<br /><br />Head Of Rich Creek, Septr. 3: 1774 <br />I am informed that Men & provisions were moving from Stanton Wednesday and thursday was a week and that several Compys were at the Warm Springs. <br />It is also said Mathews dont propose taking out all the flour at once, but to send back the pack horses from the mouth of Elk. That LA. Dunmore wrote to Ch. Lewis <br />that some of his men had taken some little Towns & killed three or [four] people & that his Lordship was at fort Pitt. The above news came by one of the Woods's.<br /> He says also that there is Jents plenty and all goods necessary for the men such as Shirts Blankets Leggons.<br /><br />EXTRACT OF A LETTER FROM COLONEL WILLIAM PRESTON, DATED FINCASTLE, SEPTEMBER 28, 1774.<br />That part of the army under the command of Colonel Lewis, which is to meet Lord Dunmore at the mouth of the Great Kenhawa, or New River, assembled at the Great Levels of <br />Greenbrier,to the amount of about fifteen hundred rank and file. Colonel Charles Lewis marched with six hundred men on the 6th instant, for the mouth of Elk, a branch <br />of New River,which empties some distance below the Falls, there to build a small Fort, and prepare canoes. Colonel Andrew Lewis marched with another large party the <br />12th instant, for the same place; and Colonel Christian was to march yesterday with the remainder, being about four hundred, and the last supply of provisions. <br />This body of militia being mostly armed with rifle guns, and a great part of them good woodsmen, are looked upon to be at least equal to any troops for the number that <br />have been raised in America. It is earnestly hoped that they will, in conjunction with the other party, be able to chastise the Ohio Indians for the many murders and <br />robberies they have committed on our frontiers for many years past... <br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"></div><div style="text-align: left;">Both linen<a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zOJEAAAAIAAJ&q=rifle+guns#v=onepage&q=tents&f=false" target="_blank"> tents and tin kettles</a> were in use by the men of the expedition.<br />
<br />
<i>[Captain John Floyd to Col. William Preston. 33S42, 43.]<br /> Sept. 18th 1774...<br />
I am in hopes we shall make out pretty well about kettles we are also
allowed 60 yards of tent cloth for a company...” p. 206-07.</i><br />
<br />
<br />
<i> [Col. William Christian to Col. William Preston. 3QQ146.]<br /> “Camp Union Septr. 12, 1774...<br />
The kettles and Tents were chiefly distributed before I came I could
get but 16 or 17 battered tin kettles for all Fincastle & but few
Tents But I am told oxen brigs [unknown symbol or doodle here] enough
for Tents will be brought with the Pack horses to morrow If the major
is not marched <br />when you get this Intelligence I really think we
ough[t] to send over the whole Country and try to beg or borrow kettles
for to do withougt[sic] is very hard almost [im?]possible <br /> It will presently make men sick to live on Roasted meat without broath.” p. 198. </i><br /><br /><br /><br /></div>Jimhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07469147287637455019noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7471550270150187285.post-80625735726375381902023-09-19T12:39:00.004-07:002023-09-19T12:42:17.433-07:0018th century Clothing Workshop with Henry Cooke in Manassas Virginia Oct 21-22 <p> </p><p align="center" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><i><b>18<sup>th</sup> Century
Clothing Workshop</b></i></span></p>
<p align="center" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i><b>October
21-22, 2023 Old
Manassas Courthouse, Manassas, VA</b></i></span></p><p align="center" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i><b></b></i></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i><b><a href="https://www.paulreverehouse.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/Henry-Cooke-as-Tailor-in-the-Courtyard-e1684859836869.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="450" data-original-width="800" height="180" src="https://www.paulreverehouse.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/Henry-Cooke-as-Tailor-in-the-Courtyard-e1684859836869.jpg" width="320" /></a></b></i></span></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><i><b> </b></i></span><p></p><p align="center" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><a href="https://www.paulreverehouse.org/event/the-tailors-craft-aug2023/henry-cooke-as-tailor-in-the-courtyard/"><span style="font-size: small;">Henry Cooke at the Paul Revere House </span><span style="font-size: small;"><i><b><br /></b></i></span></a></p>
<p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">As 18</span><sup><span style="font-size: x-small;">th</span></sup><span style="font-size: x-small;">
century garments were generally fitted (if not in their initial
construction, upon distribution by regimental tailors), it is nearly
impossible to produce most period garments on a “off the rack”
basis. To get a proper fit, it is necessary to either find a quality
tailor or taking up the needle and thread on your own. For those who
choose the later, fitting and sewing 18</span><sup><span style="font-size: x-small;">th</span></sup><span style="font-size: x-small;">
century clothing can be daunting to the novice to say the least, as
well as those with experience in modern techniques.</span></p>
<p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</p>
<p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">To
help with whatever garments you’re working on, this general sewing
skills 2-day workshop with <a href="https://allthingsliberty.com/2015/11/8-questions-with-henry-cooke/">Henry Cooke</a> of Historic Costume Services
is an opportunity for participants to get assistance with their
projects. While the novice may not complete their project in two
days, they at very least should leave with a partially constructed
garment, the skills to finish the project and instructional
information to refer to.</span></p>
<p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</p>
<p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Students
are encouraged to </span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">bring
their own materials and patterns (or coordinate with the instructor
for a “kit”), whether it’s a project you already started and
need troubleshooting to finish, or haven’t begun yet as you’re
not sure where to start.</span></span></p>
<p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</p>
<p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Because
of the limited workspace and the attention required for each student,
the class sizes are limited to first come, first served. </span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Continental
breakfast and boxed lunches with your choice of sandwich, chips, a
drink and cookie will be provided both days. Complete workshop
details, including directions, material lists, etc. will be
distributed to registered participants.</span></span></p>
<p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><i><b>What you need:</b></i></span></p>
<ul><li><p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">A
sewing kit including scissors, pins, tailors chalk, linen thread (or
cotton hand quilting thread), seam ripper, hand sewing needles,
beeswax, tape measure, and yardstick. Please also bring any fabric
and patterns you may need for your garment. Sources of supplies are
available upon request.</span></p>
</li><li><p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>Optional:</i></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">
Sewing machine with cotton thread for internal seams, iron (with
steam feature) and ironing board (we will have one for general use)</span></p>
</li></ul>
<p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</p>
<p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; text-indent: -1.25in;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>Location: </b></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">Old
Manassas Courthouse, Manassas VA</span></p>
<p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; text-indent: -1.25in;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>Date: </b></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">October
21-22, 2022</span></p>
<p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; text-indent: -1.25in;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>Class Size: </b></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">12</span></p>
<p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; text-indent: -1.25in;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>Class Cost:</b></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"> $165</span></p>
<p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; text-indent: -1.25in;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>Includes:</b></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Two
days of instruction, continental breakfast and Boxed Lunch (</span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">sandwich,
chips, a drink and cookie</span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">)
both days</span></p>
<p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</p>
<p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Contact
Todd Post at </span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>historyhandson@gmail.com
</i></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">or 703-920-0133
with any questions.</span></p>
Jimhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07469147287637455019noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7471550270150187285.post-9600680749841579532023-08-28T11:58:00.001-07:002023-08-28T11:58:51.129-07:00Cody Firearms Museum's 2023 "Arsenals of History" Symposium<p><span class="break-words
"><span dir="ltr"></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZ8-U0x2xXN6oAJp6B6gS6-ty1i0uwSl1fFA7Qx0Vb0JCTclMAZRiO5fHq8fIC1nJwQTytP2KemEJTHN8G5jRIlsS-aojrZ8R5fh4IvovPA84j9KeT_S8g6Kc5CxeGpaDzkpzaYPkr6idLo7Y5jDT_JhR85nPIZMADG7CsvUhggA6lZ2ZEWUmkTNe9TtMD/s1100/Arsenals%20of%20History_Flyer%5B10701%5D%20copy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1100" data-original-width="850" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZ8-U0x2xXN6oAJp6B6gS6-ty1i0uwSl1fFA7Qx0Vb0JCTclMAZRiO5fHq8fIC1nJwQTytP2KemEJTHN8G5jRIlsS-aojrZ8R5fh4IvovPA84j9KeT_S8g6Kc5CxeGpaDzkpzaYPkr6idLo7Y5jDT_JhR85nPIZMADG7CsvUhggA6lZ2ZEWUmkTNe9TtMD/s320/Arsenals%20of%20History_Flyer%5B10701%5D%20copy.jpg" width="247" /></a></div> <p></p><p><span class="break-words
"><span dir="ltr">I am just back from <a href="https://centerofthewest.org/explore/firearms/">Cody Firearms Museum's</a> 2023 "Arsenals of
History" Symposium- hosted by the fine folks at <a href="https://www.nps.gov/spar/index.htm">Springfield Armory National Historic Site</a> in Massachusetts.
Topics ranged from matchlocks to machine guns, and featured a diverse
group of presenters from Australia, England, Europe, and America who
presented lectures on firearms history, design, aesthetics, forensics,
economic/industrial perspectives as well as 3d modeling and printing. Although not solely focused on 18th century topics, there was plenty of content from that era. <br /></span></span></p><p><span class="break-words
"><span dir="ltr"><br /></span></span></p><p><span class="break-words
"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjqyWqutfLEKyK91VHGLM4Ws8Bw8BJb7-AWmxwEkcOaxVlkEwoJgq81Yusxw_XJCqyDa_poYq8c4tKPVsEOEwdCVUuTiHzLBwb5CHn0W94axWKuuZdb-lMiE-znfJfjG9oOGqhJYeBIBXH4eVFXzqd5mP6sRjkmACgH27hkLt5WJpUSa3g5OCHvrsbvYheK/s864/EG%20AOH.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="495" data-original-width="864" height="183" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjqyWqutfLEKyK91VHGLM4Ws8Bw8BJb7-AWmxwEkcOaxVlkEwoJgq81Yusxw_XJCqyDa_poYq8c4tKPVsEOEwdCVUuTiHzLBwb5CHn0W94axWKuuZdb-lMiE-znfJfjG9oOGqhJYeBIBXH4eVFXzqd5mP6sRjkmACgH27hkLt5WJpUSa3g5OCHvrsbvYheK/s320/EG%20AOH.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><span dir="ltr"> <br /></span><p></p><p><span class="break-words
"><span dir="ltr">Mathieu Willemsen of the Dutch National Military Museum presented a fantastic lecture on the evolution of <i>Dutch Military Muskets from 1599-1795</i>, Joel Bohy discussed <a href="https://arlingtonhistorical.org/ongoing-studies-at-the-jason-russell-house/">bullet strikes and ballistics at sites from Lexington and Concord</a>, </span></span><span class="break-words
"><span dir="ltr">Zac Distel highlighted a Pomeroy fowler from the SAR's collection, </span></span><span class="break-words
"><span dir="ltr">Erik Goldstein from Colonial Williamsburg shed new light on the arms of the 50th and 51st regiments in the French and Indian War, and Matt Keagle from Fort Ticonderoga had a spirited discussion on <i>A Public History approach to early modern arms</i>. My presentation discussed <i>Carolina Guns: English Trade guns for the American South</i>. I highly recommend this symposium for serious students of firearms history and associated museum professionals. <br /></span></span></p>Jimhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07469147287637455019noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7471550270150187285.post-43684069935746720172023-05-17T17:43:00.014-07:002023-05-24T11:44:51.221-07:00Revolutionary War Roanoke: William Fleming's Powder Magazine<p>Although conveniently near the state operated <a href="https://ofsortsforprovincials.blogspot.com/2021/02/a-list-of-negroes-at-lead-mines.html">lead mines</a> near Fort Chiswell in modern Wythe county- the Revolutionary War era families of Southwest Virginia frequently had dangerous shortages of arms, powder, and flints; particularly after the mobilization of Virginia's 15 Continental regiments who then carried large quantities of arms outside of the State. A significant portion of these arms would never return to Virginia.<br /></p><p>[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Preston_%28Virginia_soldier%29">Col. William Preston</a> to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Henry">Governor Henry</a> July 8th 1778.]<br /><br /><i> "... The Inhabitants of both mostly collected into Forts, and we are sorry to find that numbers of Our effective Men are not armed, which we can only account for from the Number of Firelocks that were purchased in these parts, for the use of the State & the People being prevented from again supplying themselves, as the Importation from Germany fails the Gunsmiths being mostly engaged to work for the Publick. This dificiency has induced us to Apply to your Excellency to get an order for one hundred & fifty riffles, or Muskets for each County as they can be spared from the publick magazine. on any plan your Excellency shall think proper to adopt in the distribution, should you grant our request, we propose sending down from the Arms We forbear particularizing the Murders committed by the Enemy tho they are many at present as it is a desagreeable subject.<br /><br />And subscribe Your Excellencys Most Obt Hble Servts<br /><br />Wm Fleming.<br />Wm Preston."</i></p><p>Preston's request for additional firearms seems to have fallen on deaf ears, but plans to forward ammunition had already been set in motion.<br /></p><p><i> </i> <i>Governor Patrick Henry to Col. Wm Preston<br />"Wmsburg June 27th 1778.<br /><br />Sir: I am favor'd with yours by Mr. Madison & Send by him </i>£<i>1,500 for furnishing provisions I also direct Colo Southall of Henrico to hire a Waggon & send in it <b>1,500lb powder of the best rifle kind
&</b> <b>5,000 Gun flints</b>. This powder & the Flints to be lodged at
Colo Flemings & to be for the general use of the So Western
Frontier."</i><i> <br /></i></p>Scottish born physician and Virginia Provincial officer <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Fleming_(governor)">William Fleming</a> served his new home of Virginia with distinction throughout the French and Indian war, and suffered multiple gunshot wounds while serving as a Volunteer at the battle of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Point_Pleasant">Point Pleasant in 1774</a>. Those severe wounds would end his ability to actively serve as an officer in the field during the Revolution, although he would later <a href="https://filsonhistorical.org/archive/news_v7n3_fleming.html">travel extensively in Kentucky</a> on business and would continue to practice his career in medicine.<br /><p>After retiring from Virginia Provincial military service Fleming resumed his civilian life as a physician and land speculator, marrying and building a home for himself in what would become Roanoke, Virginia by 1768.<br /></p><p style="text-align: center;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgR4xRat3fjlAgQS6BmCqg7ciobvXtbBK_7PbhHQS4bjQP5gFQGblH2L5WtmECC-0D-roWcr-Xn4ha5PSz6lUnHjCG37QgCdjXHEW6KAqEaLaEXlhuKq0b-8gpsPCMuCGzcWeoTbGpuqvk23Q2NIStFYW6z0P-Mi0jMXvyCzTTNyxKQGdL31krAiBgsFg/s807/belmont%20house.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="639" data-original-width="807" height="253" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgR4xRat3fjlAgQS6BmCqg7ciobvXtbBK_7PbhHQS4bjQP5gFQGblH2L5WtmECC-0D-roWcr-Xn4ha5PSz6lUnHjCG37QgCdjXHEW6KAqEaLaEXlhuKq0b-8gpsPCMuCGzcWeoTbGpuqvk23Q2NIStFYW6z0P-Mi0jMXvyCzTTNyxKQGdL31krAiBgsFg/s320/belmont%20house.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><p style="text-align: center;"><i>Fleming's home from Colonel William Fleming of Botetourt, by Edmund P. Goodwin</i><br /></p><p></p><p>Fleming wrote Governor Henry that <b>"</b><i><b>I have built a house of squared timber 16 feet by 14, sufficient to hold any Stores necessary to this quarter."</b> </i>adding that<i> "Six Men I thought necessary to keep here as a gard for our little magazine." </i>Fleming's personal magazine appears to have been an above ground building near his personal home, unlike the in ground powder magazines he would have been familiar with at Fort Ligonier in Pennsylvania and <a href="https://ofsortsforprovincials.blogspot.com/2020/10/a-timeline-of-virginia-cherokee.html">Fort Chiswell</a>.<i> </i></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhI-VEFvyKRioORHM7wT3r6NFLo5dA0aXGmFIhP46Gz5JZdbP9TCrJuOD0fncE6NGL-IsrHLO0kZ1dlYS4SEI8ZyR_lYVosN6qdMQqZKhqeVzAKdKobvua6R5UWyGBOf2PB0TtBkGQRXDfiOZ7VcoWWRd52fi9mPJ-q3bQcAlK3u3OfUbbuLJGOpK4Jqg/s864/flemings%20mag%20illus1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="796" data-original-width="864" height="295" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhI-VEFvyKRioORHM7wT3r6NFLo5dA0aXGmFIhP46Gz5JZdbP9TCrJuOD0fncE6NGL-IsrHLO0kZ1dlYS4SEI8ZyR_lYVosN6qdMQqZKhqeVzAKdKobvua6R5UWyGBOf2PB0TtBkGQRXDfiOZ7VcoWWRd52fi9mPJ-q3bQcAlK3u3OfUbbuLJGOpK4Jqg/s320/flemings%20mag%20illus1.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><i> </i></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><i>Conjectural drawing of Fleming's Magazine.<br /></i></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><i><br /></i></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8O7M5D12B6TUqaAO4auPk5C6nIIK44YzNPqFZ_aRBWh48UWvK4GNG_-NxupcRVwKrqBCBMRA1mVicw3XlX3Dy91l_Mr0izPoQBYCeSwqEbII1q5Ft-QgnEgv2cj0ac1F-eaJYFIGq7I9cKXsklpcz9zAzACR6614g6aCdsNMphySJd0AZ5eExvVP3IQ/s467/ligonier%20hoops.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="389" data-original-width="467" height="267" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8O7M5D12B6TUqaAO4auPk5C6nIIK44YzNPqFZ_aRBWh48UWvK4GNG_-NxupcRVwKrqBCBMRA1mVicw3XlX3Dy91l_Mr0izPoQBYCeSwqEbII1q5Ft-QgnEgv2cj0ac1F-eaJYFIGq7I9cKXsklpcz9zAzACR6614g6aCdsNMphySJd0AZ5eExvVP3IQ/s320/ligonier%20hoops.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><i> </i></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><i>Copper hoops from <a href="https://www.jamestowncooperage.com/fort-loudoun-gunpowder-casks.html">English gunpowder casks</a> excavated at Fort Ligonier (ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION OF FORT LIGONIER 1960-1965 by Jacob L. Grimm p79). The gunpowder stored by Fleming was likely French or possibly Dutch in origin.</i><br /><i><br /></i></div><p></p><p> Fleming acknowledged receipt of the gunpowder and flints in July:<i><br /></i></p><p><i>[Fleming to Henry ]July 19 1778]<br /><br />"The 16th Inst I received 1462 lbs. of G: powder and the Flints agreeable to your Excellencys orders. 38 lbs. of the Powder was lost in the Carriage up by the heads of two of the Barrels being loose, this with what was in store before makes 2909 lbs. now in my care. Colo Southal desired the Waggon to be loaded down to lessen the expence. I derected the Waggoner to take a load of Country lead left near this. I am since informed he only took the half. should your Excellency think proper the remainder might be lodged here, as there is not 100 lbs. of Lead in store...Several persons have Applied to me for G. powder, as they could not be supplied elsewhere on this occasion, I let them take some from the County store at 12/ p. lb. which I suppose will reimburse the State An Account of which I keep. Your Excellency will receive with this a request from Colo Preston & myself in behalf of Montgomery & Botetourt counties for some fire arms." </i></p><p>Despite being precluded from active field service as an officer by his injuries, Fleming played an active role in munition logistics and defensive planning for western Virginia during the Revolutionary war.</p><p> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjlH2tgNd7dscn89YWEy_6FZt1Fw8b3i-k2crpnxQvM-F5JjSkzV4PA5dLHFh1Ds65r97MDBoCWQeTq3iqgyMWKNWOb5ufStkJ17rqSljBlWyF2gUFE4KTofVJ1GYqCpjN1MZ5m72q_wukvOH3C9xlKsPwUeCtQ2qY1FyhCYTI2-DRGjk8eHPn3TBdo_g/s925/Screenshot%202021-11-29%20at%2020-55-02%20cooks%20fort%20archaeology%20(2).png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="528" data-original-width="925" height="183" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjlH2tgNd7dscn89YWEy_6FZt1Fw8b3i-k2crpnxQvM-F5JjSkzV4PA5dLHFh1Ds65r97MDBoCWQeTq3iqgyMWKNWOb5ufStkJ17rqSljBlWyF2gUFE4KTofVJ1GYqCpjN1MZ5m72q_wukvOH3C9xlKsPwUeCtQ2qY1FyhCYTI2-DRGjk8eHPn3TBdo_g/s320/Screenshot%202021-11-29%20at%2020-55-02%20cooks%20fort%20archaeology%20(2).png" width="320" /></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: center;"><i>Worn flints from Cook's Fort, Monroe County, WVa via <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WWPwZPW7Zog">youtube</a></i><br /></p><p> </p><p><a href="https://ofsortsforprovincials.blogspot.com/2021/01/setting-genteel-table-william-prestons.html">William Preston</a> wrote to William Fleming that <i>"I would be much obliged to you for 100 flints as <b>several of my Guns are useless for want of them</b>." </i>[<a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=K1gtAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA63&dq=%22+I+would+be+much+obliged+to+you+for+100+flints++as+several+of+my+Guns+are+useless+for+want+of+them%22&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjokenntKf-AhURFFkFHRtDDf0Q6AF6BAgGEAI#v=snippet&q=flints&f=false">May 30, 1778</a>]</p><p><i>"John Madison to Col Wm Fleming 2ZZ80 ALS<br />5th April 1779<br /><br />My Dr Colo:<br />The frequent reports we have of the Hostile Intention of our Sable Neighbours is by no Means Clever, for which reason I would fain Put my Family in the best Posture of Defence I Possibly can, <b>Say Good Sir can you spare me a Musquet or two at any Price</b> or can you supply me with a little Amunition in case of Danger. <b>I think you Intimated that I might have 2 or 3 Dozen of Gun Flints pray send them by Rowland for I have not one</b><br />I am with much Esteem Yr Obt Servant<br />John Madision."</i> [<a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=K1gtAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA63&dq=%22+I+would+be+much+obliged+to+you+for+100+flints++as+several+of+my+Guns+are+useless+for+want+of+them%22&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjokenntKf-AhURFFkFHRtDDf0Q6AF6BAgGEAI#v=snippet&q=flints&f=false">John Madison to Fleming April 5, 1779</a>]</p><p><br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPn2-iIG37i90UYNhEG5hxmhJmDxlYW5lWvRVORiSGL7wz7e9yF3cCCzWX4zMxHo-RuiyBNCH5klmyPjiLbCUxSsmJXSODf__WmLcfmrLB9r8Yr_-_OqUsIcE0stqwqUrFHzfEyw0Ck_toHz2SNjurGSXpYD8KKNSajHRa2fY0fEVKm2OyjkUaQ95PAw/s1124/ACC_5885_2a-jpg636106659360000000.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="750" data-original-width="1124" height="214" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPn2-iIG37i90UYNhEG5hxmhJmDxlYW5lWvRVORiSGL7wz7e9yF3cCCzWX4zMxHo-RuiyBNCH5klmyPjiLbCUxSsmJXSODf__WmLcfmrLB9r8Yr_-_OqUsIcE0stqwqUrFHzfEyw0Ck_toHz2SNjurGSXpYD8KKNSajHRa2fY0fEVKm2OyjkUaQ95PAw/s320/ACC_5885_2a-jpg636106659360000000.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><i> </i></div><div style="text-align: center;"><i>Powder Horn marked "William Fleming His Horn 1782" <a href="https://mesda.org/item/collections/powderhorn/21466/">MESDA</a></i><br /></div><div><p><br /></p><p></p><p>For further information on Fleming I highly recommend <i>Colonel William Fleming of Botetourt, </i>by Edmund P. Goodwin and <i>William Fleming, Patriot</i>, by Clare White.<br /></p></div>Jimhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07469147287637455019noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7471550270150187285.post-32791162180462085602023-04-12T11:35:00.007-07:002023-04-12T12:06:41.623-07:00"...to James Young for 3 hundred Napsacks" 1776<p> Prior to the Revolution, French and Indian War era supplies held in the
Williamsburg Powder magazine held "one Tierce of Leather Shot Bags, and
another of Canvas Knapsacks." (<a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4oAbAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA306&dq=one+Tierce+of+Leather+Shot+Bags,+and+another+of+Canvas+Knapsacks&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjk4PHa-KT-AhVxEVkFHfUxCH4Q6AF6BAgGEAI#v=onepage&q=one%20Tierce%20of%20Leather%20Shot%20Bags%2C%20and%20another%20of%20Canvas%20Knapsacks&f=false"><i>Journals of the House of Burgesses of Virginia 1761-65, Volume 10</i>, Page 306, Thursday, the 20th of December, 5 Geo. <br />iii. 1764</a>).</p><p> A somewhat contentious item to modern material culture scholars; the "New Invented Napsack and haversack in one" was peddled to Maryland authorities in 1776 as being previously adopted by soldiers in Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and Virginia. Evidence survives that Maryland and Pennsylvania utilized this design, but little information exists other than the sales pitch to document their use in Virginia. In fact, some Virginia Continental units like Captain Taliaferro's company of the 2d Virginia drew osnabrig linen from the Public Store on November 6th, 1775 to make up both separate haversacks and knapsacks:</p><p>"73 yds Ozns deld Capt Taliaferro for knapsacks @ 1/6 9 yds do for
Haversacks deld ditto @1/6” (<a href="http://ofsortsforprovincials.blogspot.com/2015/10/new-book-review-transcription-of.html">Journal of the Public Store at Williamsburg, p208. Gregory Sandor, ed.</a>)<br /></p><p><br /></p><p> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg38c751Szxz1FGYSJddZ98Md1pp87lb8SjxVYHirbwbD6e2LtgNVX_YumQz6vLKjiqTIG7tdDAzYsD6buU_TIVXHgHGsWm4Flv8VxCmEciRAErZYGLFT7psyHdH1CdQBcHwGtJRr10wWSPLbcouJ2rOc7L35AKVvLAXeYNl2JPSp3M3IrchHpvYYtWpA/s1290/new%20invented.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1290" data-original-width="1171" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg38c751Szxz1FGYSJddZ98Md1pp87lb8SjxVYHirbwbD6e2LtgNVX_YumQz6vLKjiqTIG7tdDAzYsD6buU_TIVXHgHGsWm4Flv8VxCmEciRAErZYGLFT7psyHdH1CdQBcHwGtJRr10wWSPLbcouJ2rOc7L35AKVvLAXeYNl2JPSp3M3IrchHpvYYtWpA/s320/new%20invented.jpg" width="290" /></a></div><br /><p></p><p><i>Saml. Chase Esqr. Philad. Feby 9 1776 </i></p><p><i>Sir <br /></i></p><p><i>The above is a rough draft of the new Invented Napsack and haversack in one That is adopted
by the American Regulars of Pennsylvania, New Jersey & Virginia @ 8/6 each. I could furnish
any quantity that may be wanted for Maryland by ye first of April.
Best cartouch boxes, for 23 rounds, with a pouch, large flap, and Shoulder Belt - @8/6
Bayonet Belts, to go over ye Shoulder with a double frog to Carry a Bayonett & Tomahawk
@4/6.
Gun Slings @2/each, priming wires & Brushes @7/6 doz.
Any quantity of the above articles that may be wanted for ye province of Maryland, you may
depend on being punctually & carefully supply’d with, if you see proper to employ
Your Obdt. Ser,
J. Young </i></p><p><i> </i></p><div style="text-align: left;">J. Young to Samuel Chase, 9 February 1776, enclosed in Samuel Chase to Thomas Jenifer, 10
February 1776, "Journal of the Maryland Convention, 26 July-14 August 1775/Journal and
Correspondence of the Maryland Council of Safety, August 29, 1775-July 6, 1776," William Hand
Brown, Archives of Maryland, vol. 11, (Baltimore, Md., 1892), 150. A "rough draft of the new
Invented Napsack and haversack in one that is adopted by the American regulars of Pennsylvania,
New Jersey & Virginia ...," contained in Samuel Chase to J. Young, 9 February 1776, is found in
the Maryland State Papers, (Red Books), Archives of the State of Maryland, access. no. MdHR
4561, loc. 1-6-3-38, 4, item 13<i> </i> </div><p> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi0yFniTIiRSqnTUzwRwJxEvL90Z3DF9nxpf7VQO74e5D7zW5V5FTfIPSPZwEeXcsCXFkut5cg4ZyFHBb1v2vsRxLdech6JeGMGNqbYakryLewXH1tX70eu8THN-p-WnEQuhHGpg9Oob2T_cfnW4ICfg1lLzWTBdlCsuTcxW6w72mClFMaIl7FimPKKOw/s1171/1776%20knapsacks%20hunter%20daybook%20council%20lov.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="295" data-original-width="1171" height="81" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi0yFniTIiRSqnTUzwRwJxEvL90Z3DF9nxpf7VQO74e5D7zW5V5FTfIPSPZwEeXcsCXFkut5cg4ZyFHBb1v2vsRxLdech6JeGMGNqbYakryLewXH1tX70eu8THN-p-WnEQuhHGpg9Oob2T_cfnW4ICfg1lLzWTBdlCsuTcxW6w72mClFMaIl7FimPKKOw/s320/1776%20knapsacks%20hunter%20daybook%20council%20lov.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><i> </i><p></p><p style="text-align: center;"><i>Warrant to James Young for 3 hundred Napsacks delivered to James Hunter in Fredericksburg, July 1776<br /></i></p><p style="text-align: center;"><i> <a href="https://lva.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/discovery/fulldisplay?docid=alma990005067070205756&context=L&vid=01LVA_INST:01LVA&lang=en&search_scope=DIG_SP&adaptor=Local%20Search%20Engine&tab=Digital&query=any,contains,Day%20Book,%20Council%20of%20State,%201776%20July%2012-Aug.%203&offset=0">Day Book, Council of State, 1776 July 12-Aug. 3 Library of Virginia </a></i></p><p style="text-align: left;">A warrant in the Council of State of Virginia day book, includes payment to someone named James Young for 300 knapsacks. It is tempting to assume that this is the same "J. Young" producing "New Invented Napsack and haversack in one" but further research is necessary to confirm if this is indeed the case. In Mary R. M. Goodwin's <i><a href="https://books.google.com/books/about/Clothing_and_Accoutrements_of_the_Office.html?id=aK66tgAACAAJ">Clothing and Accoutrements of the Officers and Soldiers of the Virginia Forces 1775-1780</a></i>, she notes that "On July 22, the Council ordered that a letter of credit be written to "Mr Young, in Philadelphia to supply" Captain John Nelson with "Saddles & Accoutrements for his Troop of Horse."[McIlwaine, <i>Journals of the Council</i>°, Vol. I, pages 60-61.& Ibid., page 85.] <br /></p><p style="text-align: center;"><i> </i><br /></p>Jimhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07469147287637455019noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7471550270150187285.post-66520846460106377172023-03-27T17:48:00.009-07:002023-03-30T03:59:25.582-07:00Linen Shot bags<p> A somewhat oddball item pops up every now and then in primary documents- the linen shot bag. Generally speaking, this is encountered as a military issue "make do" item in the absence of the more typical leather pouches for 18th century American soldiers, but there are English sporting treatises that mention a similar item:</p><p> </p><p style="text-align: center;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgren1fxiCjbhpwEjkxlfp8xcVQJrk4A1RjnrP5KvsOEf3oWyGuP3DHS3NMeTQ-FoM_1ItkSpjFr_2yOUjEWSxKsYgZ6odoGfbmYoRc6uMdOR2PC9OMA9pSGuXdRRef2RysEYo3KbhpnVxyhxsXuVtRTfoL6FGT_NUUx7KqdQM7MLart1Bw3M70tkPxrQ/s640/linen-repro.webp" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="640" data-original-width="640" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgren1fxiCjbhpwEjkxlfp8xcVQJrk4A1RjnrP5KvsOEf3oWyGuP3DHS3NMeTQ-FoM_1ItkSpjFr_2yOUjEWSxKsYgZ6odoGfbmYoRc6uMdOR2PC9OMA9pSGuXdRRef2RysEYo3KbhpnVxyhxsXuVtRTfoL6FGT_NUUx7KqdQM7MLart1Bw3M70tkPxrQ/s320/linen-repro.webp" width="320" /></a></div> <i>Conjectural linen shot bag based on multiple period accounts and the crudely sewn Hutchins pouch.</i><br /><p></p><p> </p><p>"Our Shot of sev'ral sorts,<b> half round the Waste, In Ticking semicircularly plac'd,</b>" (<i>Pteryplegia</i> London, 1727)</p><p><br />"A leather pouch, <b>or small canvas bag</b>, to carry the shot; with a tin, or other measure..." p9 (<i>A Treatise on English Shooting; by GEORGE EDIE</i>, Gent. London 1772).</p><p></p><p>Shortages of both cartridge paper and ready made shot bags forced French and Indian War Provincials to utilize such linen pouches. </p><p><br /></p><p> <i>“The Col. Is desired to collect in Virginia as many Powder horns as can be got, all that can be had from Pensilvania shall be ordered... <b>For Shot Pouches, osnabrug </b>[a course, unbleached and cheap linen]<b> will be bought, with thread to make them one yard will make 8 bags</b>.”</i> (Bouquet to Washington June 13, 1758 George Washington papers p 208). </p><p><i>"I have us'd my best endeavours to get my Men equip'd with Powder Horns and Shott Pouches, and have procur'd 330 of the former, and 339 of the latter; besides the Linnen ones, with which we are compleated."</i> (George Washington to Henry Bouquet, July 3, 1758, two same date ).</p><p>Osnabrigs widths are hard to come by, but the intrepid Steve Rayner found the references below: <br /></p><p><i>‘78 yards brown linen at 15d (33 ins wide, nearly)___£4_17s__6d<br />100 1/2 yards white oznabrig at 10d (28 ins wide)___4__3s__4d<br />100 yards brown oznabrig at 7 1/4d (27 ins wide)___3_11__0d<br />24 1/2 yards Russia drab (28 ins wide)_____________1__42__6d...’” p. 130.</i><br /><br />Hall, Douglas;<i> “<a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=op_qoacJHq4C&printsec=frontcover&dq=In+Miserable+Slavery:+Thomas+Thistlewood+in+Jamaica,&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwja7L3Ysv39AhWJK1kFHZHVAqIQ6AF6BAgDEAI#v=onepage&q=In%20Miserable%20Slavery%3A%20Thomas%20Thistlewood%20in%20Jamaica%2C&f=false">In Miserable Slavery: Thomas Thistlewood in Jamaica,</a> 1750-86.</i>” University of the West Indies Press, Kingston, Jamaica. 1999. <br /></p><p style="text-align: center;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXYhA0w5qO8ZmesjGVt8w0O0L0GTl756qkGDAnN1lM7YHWsJpQwN0J1JO6yMogejGqVR1dWZEPD-8Q2kx2Q06UJUjH9y1QDJAW5gZn5-FEhOeGNoppOsbHkb3KNJLuZzdoPX3v-cttWW98H44GdazV4bPnIVQo1X-MAuRdgrB_EGJSk0Aa-6LfFHX-hg/s797/Observations%20on%20the%20Present%20state%20of%20the%20Linen%20trade%20Robt%20Stephenson%20dublin%201784.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="569" data-original-width="797" height="228" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXYhA0w5qO8ZmesjGVt8w0O0L0GTl756qkGDAnN1lM7YHWsJpQwN0J1JO6yMogejGqVR1dWZEPD-8Q2kx2Q06UJUjH9y1QDJAW5gZn5-FEhOeGNoppOsbHkb3KNJLuZzdoPX3v-cttWW98H44GdazV4bPnIVQo1X-MAuRdgrB_EGJSk0Aa-6LfFHX-hg/s320/Observations%20on%20the%20Present%20state%20of%20the%20Linen%20trade%20Robt%20Stephenson%20dublin%201784.jpg" width="320" /></a></div> <p></p><p style="text-align: center;"><i>Observations on the Present state of the Linen trade</i> Robt Stephenson, Dublin 1784; an additional hat tip to Steve Rayner<br /></p><p>Keeping in mind that osnabrigs in the period were generally around 28 inches wide, it would seem that if using the whole amount for a pouch the beginning fabric dimensions would be around 9 x 14. Similar arrangements seem to have been used by the Revolutionary War 2d Virginia Regiment.</p><p><i> October 12, 1775: “… Each Company is to draw a sufficient Quantity of Dutch or Russia Drilling to provide Each Soldierwith a Shott Pouch <b>with a partition in division in the middle to keep buckshot and bullets separate.</b> Each Soldier to make his own sack and Shot Pouch as near one <br />General Size Pattern as possible…” </i><br /><br /></p><p><i> “The Captains in the there Respective Companys are to fix up the Powder horns & Shot Bags. When both are finished & See that proper Belts & Stoppers are Provided, <b>where Shot Bags only are Ready the must be Fixed with Belts</b> & 6: Cartridges of Powder and also Six Bullets Deposited in Each Bag & Dilivered to the Soldiers Respectively.” </i><br /><br />(Tartar, Brent, editor. "The Orderly Book of the Second Virginia Regiment, September 27, 1775-April 15, 1776." Virginia Magazine of History and Biography, 85 (April, July 1977), pp. 156-183, 302-336.)</p><p>Various notations in the Virginia public store for shot pouches indicate the 2d Va shot bags were made of "Twill" and "Duck" linen. The "belts" are likely fabric straps similar to those sewn to haversacks. </p><p> </p><p style="text-align: center;"><b>Georgia</b></p><p><br /><a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vfcxAQAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA42&lpg=RA1-PA42&dq=georgia+battalion+blankets+1777&source=bl&ots=tXHi-n_i_W&sig=lws7q9v7ZTVtaxu9hE6_hgbLLMg&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjq6eyehq7TAhVM6SYKHZWrAzQQ6AEIQjAG#v=snippet&q=horn&f=false">Order Book of Samuel Elbert,</a> Colonel and Brigadier General in the Continental Army [2d Georgia Battalion] Headquarters, Fort Howe, 1778 [6? May 1778]<br /><br /><i>"Commanding
officers of corps are to see that such of their men as are without do
immediately provide themselves with powder-horns and as many have not
the proper means of carrying their cartridges, application must be made
to the Deputy Quarter Master General, for <b>leather or canvas to make pouches</b> for supplying the deficiencies..."</i></p><p style="text-align: center;"><b> </b></p><p style="text-align: center;"><b>Massachusetts </b></p><p style="text-align: center;"><i></i></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><i><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXDO17iHQimidl9lIlOFA7izTKb43iLF-c_5OmmzbFFRs5YQGX_a7Yh09V87WsaR6n4fm7qgk0r28jMFWSS-vpE4bKz3yVss50yuYxxo-fVZPeExW5rnaxtvVJVUvtDOkiaCp-_fuwVe5-nJ-4xUsjK1KB6sFku7sNaTQDimJCEEsUWFE2b_YM7if3Qw/s1609/1756,%204-%20Making%20up%20knapsacks,%20bullet%20bags,%20tents,%20leather%20for%20buttons,%20Vol.%20249,%20p.%2056-2%20(1).jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="917" data-original-width="1609" height="182" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXDO17iHQimidl9lIlOFA7izTKb43iLF-c_5OmmzbFFRs5YQGX_a7Yh09V87WsaR6n4fm7qgk0r28jMFWSS-vpE4bKz3yVss50yuYxxo-fVZPeExW5rnaxtvVJVUvtDOkiaCp-_fuwVe5-nJ-4xUsjK1KB6sFku7sNaTQDimJCEEsUWFE2b_YM7if3Qw/s320/1756,%204-%20Making%20up%20knapsacks,%20bullet%20bags,%20tents,%20leather%20for%20buttons,%20Vol.%20249,%20p.%2056-2%20(1).jpg" width="320" /></a></i></div><div style="text-align: center;"><i> </i></div><div style="text-align: center;"><i>1756, 4- Making up Snapsacks, bullet bags, tents, leather for buttons, Vol. 249, p. 56-2 (1) <a href="https://www.sec.state.ma.us/arc/arccol/colmac.htm">Massachusetts Archives Collection </a></i></div><div style="text-align: center;"><i> </i><br /></div><div><p></p><p style="text-align: center;"><b>North Carolina <br /></b></p><p style="text-align: left;"><a href="https://docsouth.unc.edu/csr/index.php/document/csr08-0219"><b> </b>Enoe Camp Friday May 10<span class="super">th</span> 1771.</a></p>The Commanding Officer of each Detachment will send to Mr. Hogen this
morning for the <b>Quantity of Ticking, Gartering,
Thread and Needles to make shot Bags which they
will Immediately get made by the Taylor of their Respective
Detachments </b>to be Distributed to their several Corps that
wants them.<b> <br /></b><p><i>“His Excellency Govt. [sic] Tryon to Johnston & Thackston,<br />1771_______________________________________________Dr.<br />May 7. To 1 quire paper______________________________£0__1__4<br />___<b>11. 674 yd. Bedtyke for Shotbags,</b><br /> 4s. 4d.______________________________£1__7__1<br /> 47 yds. Cotton for blankets and<br /> tools, 3s._____________________________7__1__0<br /> 6 oz. thread for making Do, 6d__________0__3__0<br /> 3 pr. Garters, 10d._____________________0__2__6<br /> 5 doz. Vest Buttons for Shot-<br /> bags, 10d.____________________________0__4__2<br /> 1 brod. hoe, 5s. 8d.; 1 quire paper,<br /> 1s. 6d._______________________________0__7__2<br /> 21 yds, osnabs. for hunting-Shirts,<br /> 1s. 3d._______________________________1__6__3<br /> 2 oz. thr’d, Do, 6d.____________________0__1__0<br /> Cash paid for making Do.______________0__9__0 - 11__1__2<br />___14. 5 narrow axes, 7s. 6d_________________1_17__6<br /> 3__________Do, 6s. 6d.________________0_19__6<br /> 3 broad____Do, 7s. 6d._________________1__2__6<br /> 1__________Do________________________0__6__8<br /> 2 blanketts for the Hospital, 1s. 11d____1__8__0 - 5_14__2<br />___________________________________________________--------<br />Rec’d June 20, 1771, the Above Acc’t in full.__________£16_16_10<br /> Johnston & Thackston.” p. 455.</i><br /> </p><p>Letter from Jethro Sumner to Horatio Gates</p><p>September 15, 1780, Volume 14, Page 616<br /><br />Camp Near Salisbury, 15th Sepr., 1780.<br /><br />Sir:<br /><br />I arriv'd here last even'g, and my encamping ground about half Mile in front of Salisbury, a little to the left of the road lead'g to Charlotte. I saw Colo. Lock; he informes me that he moves to day with the party under his Command towards Charlotte. The Guns, & wagons out of repair, I am geting fix'd. <br />Cartridge box's. <b>I substitute a pouch of Deer Skin & Canvas and shall be diligent untill provided. </b><br /></p><br /><p>In addition to these intriguing, yet vague primary sources there is a surviving 6.5 x 13 inch linen pouch with Revolutionary War provenance at the <a href="https://www.nhhistory.org/object/230146/pouch-shot">New Hampshire Historical Society</a>.</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbg0XniOwuYdmtihzEgP0OqD2E2-otoMT7V5KRqV6TvV99yImXwBeFSmHzPNT8ng8qAGRuSV1kEgovY-PTjBPdSlu9jIInZH9jPN6ILonpWHeB9x8DvxV2hX2ioJFG50Z8ssS6PIYM5Ci2kxKeQOuL0Yl6AC9rZaZNewwF3T2dDAg4ZtJkZiOoa83ymA/s950/new%20hampshire%20hist%20society%20levi%20hutchins%20pouch%20bunker%20hill.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="648" data-original-width="950" height="218" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbg0XniOwuYdmtihzEgP0OqD2E2-otoMT7V5KRqV6TvV99yImXwBeFSmHzPNT8ng8qAGRuSV1kEgovY-PTjBPdSlu9jIInZH9jPN6ILonpWHeB9x8DvxV2hX2ioJFG50Z8ssS6PIYM5Ci2kxKeQOuL0Yl6AC9rZaZNewwF3T2dDAg4ZtJkZiOoa83ymA/s320/new%20hampshire%20hist%20society%20levi%20hutchins%20pouch%20bunker%20hill.JPG" width="320" /></a></div><p style="text-align: center;"><i>Shot Pouch. Canvas. Said to have been carried by Levi Hutchins (1761-1855) of Concord, NH, at Bunker Hill, 1775; Credit Line: Gift of John B. Hills Object ID: 2005.042.03</i></p><p style="text-align: center;"><i> </i></p><p style="text-align: left;">Combining the above accounts allows a conjectural reproduction to be made within the fabric allotments stated. The Forbes expedition references give us a material size, but lack further information on carriage, yet Virginians a scant 17 years later are making a divided pouch that may have been very close to the example used by Levi Hutchins. </p><p style="text-align: left;">Thanks to the several folks who have shared info on this topic, in no particular order: Todd Post, Justin Mienert, Steve Rayner, Greg Theberge, and Joel Bohy, apologies if anyone was left out.<br /></p><p></p><p><br /> <br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p></p><p><br /><br /><br /><br /></p></div>Jimhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07469147287637455019noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7471550270150187285.post-39189485638728132532023-03-16T09:54:00.003-07:002023-11-10T08:16:59.281-08:00Save the Date: Dunmore's War 250th Anniversary encampment August 31st, 2024<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1N-NsawVoNLRrJMWVcVTexNbs282ZwH5Ddpe__DDY8fWE5SV1vGJL1Eom8xgVwqv_wNfXT66SAhL_L-OWdFuVmW3s6At9g2xR71LoXDUcoZ8mnIA1x6nrS1GFQABBu4KXVcCJ0s6LeGrAHGftU_xhyo8eCl54y9xj6s-flEc0tdw9oD1NqWkV1j_riA/s2604/dunmore%20kit%20example.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2604" data-original-width="1308" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1N-NsawVoNLRrJMWVcVTexNbs282ZwH5Ddpe__DDY8fWE5SV1vGJL1Eom8xgVwqv_wNfXT66SAhL_L-OWdFuVmW3s6At9g2xR71LoXDUcoZ8mnIA1x6nrS1GFQABBu4KXVcCJ0s6LeGrAHGftU_xhyo8eCl54y9xj6s-flEc0tdw9oD1NqWkV1j_riA/s320/dunmore%20kit%20example.jpg" width="161" /></a></div> <p></p><div style="text-align: center;"> <i>These sons
of the mountains renowned of old...All volunteered freely to go</i><br /><i>
And conquer their foeman like patriots bold, Or fall by the Ohio.</i></div><p><b> <br /></b></p><p><b>What:</b> <b><i>Dunmore's War 250th Anniversary encampment <strike>September 28th</strike>, August 31st, 2024</i></b>. The encampment will be centered around a Composite/Model Company scenario, portraying a volunteer company of Virginians in September 1774. Participation is juried, and by invitation only. Emphasis will be on quality, not quantity, and participants will be doing some interpretation for the general public during daytime hours. Impression guidelines, event goals/extras and contact information will be added in the coming months.<br /></p><p><b>When: </b>The Weekend of <strike>September 28th</strike>, August 31st 2024.<br /></p><p><b>Where:</b> <a href="https://www.historicsmithfield.org/">Historic Smithfield</a>, Blacksburg, Virginia at the site of a volunteer company encampment in 1774. <br /></p><p><b>Wear:</b> Civilian clothes with the majority of participants in unbleached linen "Osnabrigs" hunting shirts and blue woolen "Indian leggings".</p><p><br /></p><p style="text-align: center;"></p><br /><p></p>Jimhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07469147287637455019noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7471550270150187285.post-2803612097227608332023-03-02T11:38:00.030-08:002023-03-03T15:04:56.780-08:00Fowling pieces and Shotguns of Colonial Virginia<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOTUhyRbj-jkHmoHg7EUbNy0V0f1zrySPs4Wz4rdRUEERQEeXOvMy2c5fLfliCFnTFx1-wchWsVWDdS1cqylxB-0iUnR9FRohcP48RGZ0zcurXNuXUG76NOQtU70NpvpeWILb-i0TFbk40S3EnuoFFWdx0rYckxGZhRp8fKRcC4a5f1aqFuUx1-yXuMQ/s801/1991-1173,a-b%20james%20lewis%20cw%20peale.jpg" style="display: block; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="801" data-original-width="667" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOTUhyRbj-jkHmoHg7EUbNy0V0f1zrySPs4Wz4rdRUEERQEeXOvMy2c5fLfliCFnTFx1-wchWsVWDdS1cqylxB-0iUnR9FRohcP48RGZ0zcurXNuXUG76NOQtU70NpvpeWILb-i0TFbk40S3EnuoFFWdx0rYckxGZhRp8fKRcC4a5f1aqFuUx1-yXuMQ/s320/1991-1173,a-b%20james%20lewis%20cw%20peale.jpg" /></a><p style="text-align: center;"><i>Portrait of James Lewis ca. 1772 by Charles Willson Peale at <a href="https://emuseum.history.org/objects/749/portrait-of-james-lewis-17531788">Colonial Williamsburg Foundation emuseum</a> Note the blued barrel, keyed or wedge "sliding loop/sliding bolt" fastener, and brass mounts.</i> <br /></p><p>Undoubtedly the most common form of civilian firearm in Colonial Virginia; the fowling piece was a useful and versatile item capable of taking both large and small game depending on the size of the shot and charge that was used to load the piece. Advertisements and primary documents from the era point towards a predisposition in Virginia towards imported English fowling pieces, frequently with walnut stocks and around a four foot long barrel. Bores in the 1/2 inch, 5/8s inch and 3/4 inch range predominated. Some colonial era stores stocked fowling pieces (commonly referred to as "guns") at various price points. Customers could purchase ready made stock on hand, place orders with their custom specifications though their local stores, or, (in the case of the more prosperous gentry) order directly with English factors or <a href="https://rocklibnorton.omeka.net/items/show/19">Gunsmiths</a> in England. Prices ranged due to the quality of locks, mountings and embellishment. </p><p> </p><p style="text-align: center;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhql7PwoStI3VIsF-zTndJKGZszGFJb1G5gXa8pSG5_MIxHpFvaH-zsOjl5fCSR1tu02FVqMr4zPhJPCJs3mtHUwZekY11FEeEzdPRXV1c4nPDL--2Myc1otUChM2VgC2o0iC1ad7qns_aarlxK7dP2KVwApPkpcvM0nMG6rRX38wBVDNPcNQZC6GEb6g/s1338/staples%20fowler%20birmingham.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="419" data-original-width="1338" height="100" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhql7PwoStI3VIsF-zTndJKGZszGFJb1G5gXa8pSG5_MIxHpFvaH-zsOjl5fCSR1tu02FVqMr4zPhJPCJs3mtHUwZekY11FEeEzdPRXV1c4nPDL--2Myc1otUChM2VgC2o0iC1ad7qns_aarlxK7dP2KVwApPkpcvM0nMG6rRX38wBVDNPcNQZC6GEb6g/s320/staples%20fowler%20birmingham.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><i> </i><p></p><p style="text-align: center;"><i>English Fowler by William Staples of Birmingham (d 1771). Private Collection </i><br /></p><p> Alexander Henderson's Virginia<i> <a href="https://heritagebooks.com/products/virginia-merchants-alexander-henderson-factor-for-john-glassford-at-his-colchester-store-fairfax-county-virginia-his-letter-book-of-1758-1765">Colchester Store Letterbook</a> </i>has the following order information from 1761: <i> <i> </i></i></p><p><i><i>1 doz. Guns at 10/per gun...1/2 doz. Guns at 15/per Gun + "PS at the Request of two of my very good Customers, I beg leave to add- 2 good & well fixed guns, the Barrell to be 4 feet 4 inches long
and of good Substance, the Bore to be three quarter of an inch Diameter, with a very good Lock & Plain mounting- 1 ditto,
the Barrell the same Length & substance with the above, the Bore to be half an Inch Diameter with good Lock & plain Mounting- These three Guns
I would chuse to be very good but not too costly and I fancy London is the best place to order them from."</i> </i></p><p><i><br /></i></p><p><br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhdBKzzHheIhDbCKb2zvca_wImZkZgeYlRyzBBoq-c7_x0ZCL1LbQP5v9tOj5CzDzhwD3ihYE3-mBbPVc40UirfUh2ZpPBfHBtUX_nyj7-71iv6qZ-B_aEhdO4kAp8L9CrOndv6kSs7DQUMrxsYNUkcXQLbCNz6OmtH-X-heAKYFy-fHkfmlaWazCYL6g/s1808/fowler%20finial%20point%20of%20fork%20gc.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="804" data-original-width="1808" height="142" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhdBKzzHheIhDbCKb2zvca_wImZkZgeYlRyzBBoq-c7_x0ZCL1LbQP5v9tOj5CzDzhwD3ihYE3-mBbPVc40UirfUh2ZpPBfHBtUX_nyj7-71iv6qZ-B_aEhdO4kAp8L9CrOndv6kSs7DQUMrxsYNUkcXQLbCNz6OmtH-X-heAKYFy-fHkfmlaWazCYL6g/s320/fowler%20finial%20point%20of%20fork%20gc.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br /><p></p><p style="text-align: center;"><i>Brass trigger guard finial from a fowling piece excavated at Point of Fork Arsenal in Virginia. Giles Cromwell collection.</i></p><p> Invoice- London October, 1767, George Washington Papers June 6, 1765-March 9, 1775<i>:</i></p><p><i>"1 Handsome fowling Piece 3 feet 2 inches in the Barl 3/4 inch bore, fine silver Mountg, with Water pan Lock, Walnut Stock, barrel blewed within a Silver Sight, a false britch and sliding bolts, worm to the Rammer & List Case [cost 8/8/0 ]" Gill Gunsmith in Colonial Virginia p13
</i>
</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.slaveryandremembrance.org/Almanack/life/trades/images/geddy_ad.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="229" data-original-width="567" height="229" src="https://www.slaveryandremembrance.org/Almanack/life/trades/images/geddy_ad.jpg" width="567" /></a></div><br /><i>David and William Geddy <a href="https://www.slaveryandremembrance.org/Almanack/life/trades/tradegunfou.cfm?showSite=mobile">advertisement</a>. Virginia Gazette, August 8, 1751 </i></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><i> </i></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><i><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhEOxgorB0GWU2fsDjqLfGGRduBPb7zyq9L5SBcH0sVXaAojDI2DaEGu1EcTHCxuKpISY8C9D3DM80bWHzHP0hP7nUPhji_V4ho1KCa0t6O95FOauDyiCvSp9yGk20nEGl1mHOye5qdZ41YNmsHTyOJSfiEeHSqPFM2K2kk9b6_ufpIdDIp2tuqZikJJQ/s654/escutcheon.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="654" data-original-width="344" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhEOxgorB0GWU2fsDjqLfGGRduBPb7zyq9L5SBcH0sVXaAojDI2DaEGu1EcTHCxuKpISY8C9D3DM80bWHzHP0hP7nUPhji_V4ho1KCa0t6O95FOauDyiCvSp9yGk20nEGl1mHOye5qdZ41YNmsHTyOJSfiEeHSqPFM2K2kk9b6_ufpIdDIp2tuqZikJJQ/s320/escutcheon.jpg" width="168" /></a></div> </i></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">Imperfect cast brass wrist escutcheon from the Geddy site, Williamsburg Va. <span><i>James Geddy and Sons</i> <i>Colonial Craftsmen.</i> <a href="https://books.google.com/books/about/James_Geddy_and_Sons_Colonial_Craftsmen.html?id=0nG3pwAACAAJ">Colonial Williamsburg Archaeological Series No. 5 page 22</a><br /></span></div><p> </p><p>Although very affordable imports were widely available prior to the Revolution, it was sometimes advantageous to repair older fowling pieces. Williamsburg Gunsmith James Geddy advertised in 1739 that he had on hand <i>"a long Gun, about 6 or 7 feet in the Barrell, was brought by a young Gentleman of Gloucester County, to me, the Subscriber, in Williamsburg, to be new Stock'd and Lock'd..." (</i>Gill's<i> <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=V7WtToEDvYsC&q=gees#v=onepage&q=fowling&f=false">Gunsmith of Colonial Virginia p28</a>)</i>
</p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFvCcWuvVcxsCJyuAjzDiVNUMxcxri7O157kz33_YK-mXZEmnoJASgs75WYKO8J5pVmqJE5Uzs-f5aSjGs8LODfMYL_IPKgg0wianAkXMtPX1LN_mdoiH7CMQoBbrsBKhtu0KrLteQgEmGbIDknRAz5HUh7tYnsRMlUklzTvXiWi2zApDf_z2MoVCe3A/s3616/vhsarmingthecommonwealthblog_woodsonmusket-1929-8_cutout.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="517" data-original-width="3616" height="46" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFvCcWuvVcxsCJyuAjzDiVNUMxcxri7O157kz33_YK-mXZEmnoJASgs75WYKO8J5pVmqJE5Uzs-f5aSjGs8LODfMYL_IPKgg0wianAkXMtPX1LN_mdoiH7CMQoBbrsBKhtu0KrLteQgEmGbIDknRAz5HUh7tYnsRMlUklzTvXiWi2zApDf_z2MoVCe3A/s320/vhsarmingthecommonwealthblog_woodsonmusket-1929-8_cutout.jpg" width="320" /></a></div> <p></p><p>A composite long fowler from the Woodson family of Virginia survives in the collections of the <a href="https://vahistorical.wordpress.com/2016/08/04/the-vhs-brings-out-the-big-guns-literally-with-arming-the-commonwealth/">Virginia Museum of History and Culture</a>. The gun features an 0.80 caliber recycled 17th century barrel that is approximately 6 feet long, a round faced lock by Collicott of Bristol dating prior to 1773, and is brass mounted with reused Long land style British musket furniture. Overall length is 89 inches. A 1738 advertisement by James Geddy <a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=V7WtToEDvYsC&q=gees#v=onepage&q=fowling&f=false">mentioned</a> "large Guns fit for killing Wild-Fowl in Rivers." This very long barrel is indicative of such a use. Shorter, lighter guns were generally favored for upland hunting. Virginia Militiaman Thomas Kitchens mentioned "When I went out to Guilford I took my small
shotgun..." in his <a href="http://revwarapps.org/r5998.pdf">pension application</a>.<br /></p>Jimhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07469147287637455019noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7471550270150187285.post-6601127890527037502022-08-19T09:06:00.020-07:002022-08-19T11:20:09.498-07:00For the Virginia Troops, a Quantity of Cloathing, 1778<b><i>"...for the Virga Troops a Quantity of Cloathing..."</i></b>
<br>
<br>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7Ku6pwSrtXmovRUWfFPuWIp-1HuFBMFe92lse-myuG1wwX_TDytyaIDRGqf0xviWxHxsvf6QWPGeWWbdmyPy9a-YSUlGMUuL71vsUYCuctdk4XWkKht5hyKrmR0xggUGax87tkZ90ffTBLwn9YSCUHveCydbwecWxO8-Oqh1LJbG03ofyxOvdBppJHQ/s371/va%20soldier%20princeton%20detail%20peale.jpg" style="display: block; padding: 1em 0; text-align: center; "><img alt="" border="0" height="320" data-original-height="371" data-original-width="245" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7Ku6pwSrtXmovRUWfFPuWIp-1HuFBMFe92lse-myuG1wwX_TDytyaIDRGqf0xviWxHxsvf6QWPGeWWbdmyPy9a-YSUlGMUuL71vsUYCuctdk4XWkKht5hyKrmR0xggUGax87tkZ90ffTBLwn9YSCUHveCydbwecWxO8-Oqh1LJbG03ofyxOvdBppJHQ/s320/va%20soldier%20princeton%20detail%20peale.jpg"/></a></div>
<br>
<center>
<i>Detail from Charles Willson Peale's 1780 portrait of <a href="https://emuseum.mountvernon.org/objects/249/george-washington-after-the-battle-of-princeton?ctx=2587f374a39407831a7e670756c19af1d126f2f7&idx=1">George Washington after Princeton, Mount Vernon.</a></i><br><br></center>
<br>
In the fall of 1778 a quantity of waistcoats and breeches were issued to the Virginia Continental line.<br><br>
<i>“...Resolved, That the Governor be requested to order by the first opportunity, as much baize from the public store,
as will make waistcoats, to be sent for the Virginia non-commissioned officers and soldiers in the Continental army,
and delivered to them gratis, and also such worsted or woolen caps, as may be in the said store, and one thousand blankets.”</i><br>
<a href="about:invalid#zSoyz">H.R. McIlwaine, ed. Official Letters of the Governors of Virginia, Richmond, 1926, Vol. I, November 14, 1778</a><br><br>
At least 1,711 of the 2,068 waistcoats appear to have all been constructed of red fabrics other than baize:<br><br>
<i>784 Red flannel Waistcoats<br>
435 Best Red Cloth Waistcoats<br>
492 Red Serge Waistcoats<br></i>
(John Moss and Christian Febiger, October 29, 1778, Invoice for Blankets and Clothing, Washington papers)<br>
<br><br>
<i>To George Washington from Colonel Christian Febiger, 4 November 1778
From Colonel Christian Febiger
Elizabeth Town [N.J.]
the 4th of Novbr 1778.
<br><br>
May it please your Excellency
By Order of Generall Woodford I have been in philadelphia and gott made up and procured for the Virga Troops a Quantity of Cloathing Viz.
<b>2194 pair of Breeches, 2068 Vests, 2200 Shirts 1294 Blanketts some Caps, Shoe Buckles etc. etc.</b>, which I have brought on with me, Those Goods
the Governor of Virginia has order’d either to be sold to the Troops at the Reasonable Rates mention’d in the Invoice or given gratis to such men
as have not receiv’d their Quota allow’d by Congress for this Year.1 Major Genl Lord Stirling order’d me to take our proportion out at Pompton
where our Brigade now is, an[d] as he had Reasons to think, that the other two Brigades would soon be order’d into Jersey, he directed me to
receive your Excellencys Commands, whether their proportions should be sent them immediately or be stored on this Side till they came. I have
been inform’d of your Excellencys Orders, that no Cloathing should be issued to the Troops, untill a sufficiency arrivd to Cloath the whole Army.</i>
<br><br>
The 2,194 pairs of breeches were made up in the following colors and farbrics:<br>
<br>
<i>“1903 Blue & Green Cloth Breeches…291 Pair Red Serge Breeches” </i><br>
(John Moss and Christian Febiger, October 29, 1778, Invoice for Blankets and Clothing. The Writings of George Washington from the Original Manuscript Sources, 1745-1799. John C. Fitzpatrick, Editor.)<br>
<br>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5zYKwhzMf1FPu7SJe1N7CGoj-FkNrwT0OITQP1DD2nyK9sc44ALV9z5uZdLj5FAr0UeMtz4th4RkshRiKiOLB69NfGGDeKbyEBgIGvy4VP4QV2Ivim6oYuqsQ6aoFBJ4X1lsQ19Z8JbiejD6eA1NDB1D9iw0NXyMaHKZUwdqaKjPM_IzYlok9bFIvWQ/s2246/woodford%20cloth%20invoice%20va%20troops.jpg" style="display: block; padding: 1em 0; text-align: center; "><img alt="" border="0" height="320" data-original-height="2246" data-original-width="1468" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5zYKwhzMf1FPu7SJe1N7CGoj-FkNrwT0OITQP1DD2nyK9sc44ALV9z5uZdLj5FAr0UeMtz4th4RkshRiKiOLB69NfGGDeKbyEBgIGvy4VP4QV2Ivim6oYuqsQ6aoFBJ4X1lsQ19Z8JbiejD6eA1NDB1D9iw0NXyMaHKZUwdqaKjPM_IzYlok9bFIvWQ/s320/woodford%20cloth%20invoice%20va%20troops.jpg"/></a></div>
<br>
A manuscript by General William Woodford (dated September 11, 1778) that recently went up for sale at <a href="https://historical.ha.com/itm/autographs/military-figures/william-woodford-autograph-document-signed-wm-woodford-brigd-genl-/a/6257-60112.s">Heritage Auctions</a> enumerates the colors, variety and types of cloth available in this issue. It is likely that the blue breeches contained in the 1903 Blue & Green Cloth breeches" were "light Blue" given the amount of light blue cloth in the inovice.<br>
<br><br>"Invoice of all the goods brought to Philadelphia from Virginia for the use of the Troops of that State, as per the report of Lieut. Colo. [William] Heth
who was sent with instructions from the Brigadiers & Field Officers of the Virginia Line to take charge of them upon their receiving an acct. from Mr. Stark
of their arrival this the 21st of August 1778...<br><br>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhL2Q5iN-JoneJYdSyARcJqYz4-hy73i7sv_SfQiQmRAi9H2Fgc2oTFZsiDycDkg2a0opZIFmdCgAKySA15p3IK_eGUjlA3uULod2FyQk3ohb3M12SPtgcImRmpd1c2Ax3uuBkTctFIuTRd3ZmBE-7QwqZoHbkZ9Dxt_x88qa1X6ymnMiiKGOdgZCZZ4g/s975/claude%20passavant%20exeter%201760s.jpg" style="display: block; padding: 1em 0; text-align: center; "><img alt="" border="0" width="320" data-original-height="548" data-original-width="975" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhL2Q5iN-JoneJYdSyARcJqYz4-hy73i7sv_SfQiQmRAi9H2Fgc2oTFZsiDycDkg2a0opZIFmdCgAKySA15p3IK_eGUjlA3uULod2FyQk3ohb3M12SPtgcImRmpd1c2Ax3uuBkTctFIuTRd3ZmBE-7QwqZoHbkZ9Dxt_x88qa1X6ymnMiiKGOdgZCZZ4g/s320/claude%20passavant%20exeter%201760s.jpg"/></a></div>
<br><center>
Cloth Swatches ca. 1765 from <a href="https://boydellandbrewer.com/9780901853639/the-exeter-cloth-dispatch-book-1763-1765/">The Exeter Cloth Dispatch Book, 1763-1765</a></center><br>
<i>7 1/2 Peices of Scarlet Broad Cloth 175 3/4 yds.<br>
10 ps Buff Do ...287 3/8 yds.<br>
26 ps light Blue do...712 yds.<br>
8 ps Coarse Do...290 yds.<br>
9 ps Mid. Green Do....337 yds.<br>
1 ps Coarse Do...33 yds.<br>
8 ps Coarse Red...300 yds.<br>
12 ps Do Do...397 yds.<br>
4ps fine Black...113 yds.<br>
1500 yds Coarse brown Linen, a large proportion of which is little better than Crocus<br>
664 dozn of Hose...<br>
1300 pair of Shoes<br>
1707 Shirts<br>
3155 pr Shoes<br>
576 Shirts<br>
444 black Stocks<br>
144 ready made short brown vests, without any kind of facings<br>
625 yds coarse blue Shalloon<br>
no kind of Trimmings except a large quantity of very indifferent green Thred<br>
The Goods sent up last winter from Virginia were committed to the care of three Officers who delivered them out pr orders from the Virginia Brigadeers & kept an exact acct. of the articles delivered...
"<br></i>
Jimhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07469147287637455019noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7471550270150187285.post-52074824915101685252022-07-30T13:40:00.013-07:002024-02-20T09:20:59.092-08:00Inventory of Stores at Vause's Fort 1757<div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjfg6MKKG5tdcws4kViW_O8dMC9cjvlnR8LI0bgeYGWsTiNkRP4GID2nyzgZFnqkpMqiPeiLrym1yOTjMvlRrX4xFZG5ZDHGXqwzriN16A9Wb26QNCgWYKB6VDsiEAmg3kk5SNUec0YkO4gb1BnpPYtMTRx52nLZOQPXbk02lR9ACS-m4B31R_IhYHmxA/s3419/master-mss-mgw-mgw4-030-0700-0703.jpg" style="display: block; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="2585" data-original-width="3419" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjfg6MKKG5tdcws4kViW_O8dMC9cjvlnR8LI0bgeYGWsTiNkRP4GID2nyzgZFnqkpMqiPeiLrym1yOTjMvlRrX4xFZG5ZDHGXqwzriN16A9Wb26QNCgWYKB6VDsiEAmg3kk5SNUec0YkO4gb1BnpPYtMTRx52nLZOQPXbk02lR9ACS-m4B31R_IhYHmxA/s320/master-mss-mgw-mgw4-030-0700-0703.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><p>
<ctr>
<i>(1756) George Washington Papers, Series 4, General Correspondence: George
Washington, Diagrams of Frontier Forts. [Manuscript/Mixed Material] Retrieved
from the Library of Congress, https://www.loc.gov/item/mgw442497/.</i></ctr>
<br /><br />
In 1756 the privatly owned (and variously spelled) Fort Vass/Vause/Vauxe in modern Shawsville, Virginia, was burned during a French and allied Indian raid by a war party led by Battle of the Monongahela veteran <i>François-Marie Picoté, sieur de Belestre II</i>. Vause's fort was possibly simply a fortified log house or perhaps a two story log "blockhouse" as it was described in the in the Boston and New York newspapers. As part of a defensive "Chain of Forts," Virginia Provincials were assigned to rebuild a "one hundred feet square in the clear" fortification at, or near the site of the original fort on Vause's property.
<br />
The location of the second (Hogg's) fort at Vause's has been confirmed, the location of the nearby original (burned) fort has yet to be determined. For information on the archeaology at Fort Vause see<i> "The Second Fort Vause" </i>by Kim McBride (<a href="https://www.amazon.com/Archaeology-French-Indian-Frontier-Forts/dp/0813061792">The Archaeology of French and Indian War Frontier Forts.</a> ). Despite being able to pinpoint the outline of the second fort and bastions, McBride writes that "No evidence was found of construction methods of the curtain walls or other structures that connected the bastions...if this construction was entirely above ground, it has likely been obliterated." It is worth noting that the Council of War recommendations for building these forts suggested "Stockades to be 14 feet long" implying walls made of vertical logs placed in the ground. Unless traces of the post molds have been obliterated by plowing, the earthen walls of the second Fort Vause may have been constructed in the same manner as those of Fort Loudon in Winchester, Virginia; described by Andrew Burnaby as "logs filled up with earth."
<br />
Colonel George Washington <a href="http://ofsortsforprovincials.blogspot.com/2019/04/george-washingtons-southwestern.html">checked on the construction progress in October of 1756</a>. The location was considered very important as "..The fort at Vass's (which Capt. Hogg is now building) is in a much exposed gap; subject to the inroads of the Southern Indians, and in a manner covers the greatest part of Bedford and Halifax." [November 9, 1756. A Plan of the Number of Forts, and strength necessary to each extending entirely across our Frontiers, from South to North.] <br />
Captain Peter Hogg's efforts at fort construction were slow and expensive, additionally payroll irregularities led to him being stripped of his command. <a href="https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/02-04-02-0216">Washington wrote to Hogg in July of 1757</a> that:
<br />
<i>I have great complaints made concerning your manner of carrying on the works at the Fort you are building. It has cost infinitely more money than ever was intended for it. and, by the injudicious spot of ground you have chosen to fix it upon, it has caused a general clamour.
<br />
Mr Bullet and Mr Fleming inform me, that you refuse to do the necessaries belonging to it.
<br />
I therefore desire you will immediately upon receipt of this, deliver up the company, arms, stores and fort, to the command of the former; that the Kings Service may not suffer: You are to take Lt Bullet’s receipt for every thing delivered to him. </i>
<br />
Hogg was ordered to compile an inventory of stores to turn over to Lt. Bullet in 1757, a transcription of which is below.
<br />
<br />
"Inventory of the Stores Belonging to ye Garrison at Vasses
<br />
To powder Gross Wt---Lbs 106<br />
To Bullets 264lb<br />
To Firelocks-9<br />
Do Same -9<br />
To Gun Barrils-7<br />
To Militia Muskets-2<br />
To Bayonets not in Repair-8<br />
To Cartridge Boxes of Militia-16<br />
Do of Comp ye[?] Worn out-8<br />
To Deserters Coats-2<br />
Do Vests-1<br />
Do of Britches-1<br />
Do of Hatts [?]-1<br />
Do of Stocks do-1<br />
Do of Blankits[Blankets]-8<br />
<br />
To Baggs-14<br />
To Flower Lib Wt 3857<br />
To Beef Dried Lbs Wt 1383<br />
To Hanged Porck Lib. Wt. 72 1/2<br />
To pickling Tubs-13<br />
of Brass Kittles-5<br />
of Iron Do-3<br />
of Horses Belonging to the publick-4<br />
of Broad Hoes-4<br />
of Spades-16<br />
of Shovels-4<br />
of Chissels-21<br />
of Augers-16<br />
of Gouges-5<br />
of Broken Do-1<br />
of Compasses-2<br />
of two feet Rules-1<br />
of Broken Do -2<br />
of adzes-5<br />
of Gimblets-5<br />
of Hewing Axes-12<br />
of Broken Do-1<br />
Of Falling Do - 27<br />
of Country made Do -14<br />
of Whipsaws-4<br />
of Crosscut Do-4<br />
of Hand Do-5<br />
of Claw Hammers-4<br />
of Lathing Do-2<br />
of Whipsaw Files-6<br />
of Cross Cut do-1<br />
of Handsaw Do -4<br />
of Saw Sets-2<br />
of Steal [Steel]-Lib Wt- 13 1/2<br />
of Grind Stones-3<br />
of Cordage in a Running Tackles 30 lb<br />
of Hatchets-1<br />
of Frying Pans -2<br />
of Suits of Serjts Clothes-1<br />
of Militia Swords-9<br />
of Regimental Stockings 47 pairs<br />
of Ladles--Worn-1<br />
of illeg files illeg 2<br />
of Corn in Store by Judg 1/2<br />
of Capt illeg & Received of Do in hande of Lt] 22 Bush 60 Bushels<br />
Note the Above Contains a True Coppy the Inventory of Stores by Capt Hog Deliveded as per my Rects [illeg] Bullitt"<br />
[the origin of the tools listed above are on a seperate document in this packet titled "
Accot of Tools Recd for Building the fort on Roanoke"- for example "Tools Sent from Winchester by the Waggon" A few items appear on the second list that are not on the first, for example "Ditto from fo Wm...1 Grindstone 2 iron potts 2 brass Kettles 2 frying pans 2 pewter Tankards Iron Laddle ... 1 Bar of Steel"
<br /><br />
[on reverse] Inventory of Stores at Vauses Fort no-date
<br />
<br />
(1757) George Washington Papers, Series 4, General Correspondence: <a href="about:invalid#zSoyz">Peter Hog to Thomas Bullitt, August 4, Inventory of Stores.</a> August 4. [Manuscript/Mixed Material] Retrieved from the Library of Congress, https://www.loc.gov/item/mgw442639/.
<br /><br />
------------------------------------------------------------
<br />
1757 A Roll o fye Comp. of Late Capt. Hogs with Acct of theire State of Clothes Arms & c. Aug. 4<br />
Name/Clothes of Compy/Arms of Do.<br />
[Clothes of Compy]Coat/Vests/Brcs[Breeches]/hats/Shts[Shirts]/St-illeg[Stockings]/Shoes/[???likely Rowler Rollers/neckstocks]/Hav [haversacks]/Blankits/
<br />
[Arms] FireL/Bayo?/Cart B[?]
<br />
1. Jn. Johnston - Bayonet Strap wanting<br />
8. Benja. Goss-Gun left by Maj. Lewis's order at Fort Dinwiddie<br />
10. Moses [?] Burns - Gun lost when he deserted<br />
11.David Tate -Blanket purchas'd by Capt Hog<br />
13. Abm. Bledeso- no belt<br />
15. Wm Blanton - no strap<br />
26. Val [?] Mchiche [?illeg? Natl/Jas McBride???] - [Firelock] he brought from the Meddows & looks upon it as his own<br />
29. And.w Fowler - Cartridge box & Bayonet lost on Sand creek<br />
</p></div>Jimhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07469147287637455019noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7471550270150187285.post-140011967678304002022-05-24T11:35:00.008-07:002022-08-07T08:52:06.880-07:00The Long Rifle in Virginia Exhibit: Abingdon Virginia<div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEin2nwIxGqGXKMS1i-2ABuqAxdnl910LmmB1NlO-lFuLZwgtOgHzMMpbHqjAGG2p-VIjmKWNnbHGt03Z8IDJI2_p4RpJAbSf2fEhVdAd5_-9gSkHlyclqLGCz6vwkks1Hfk-vA89jfr9WuRVbzDTXVZkJCSASpk_oKeVQ6AQwi4BlY_1Xuocw34CJxlBw/s3264/20220513_112440.jpg" style="display: block; padding: 1em 0; text-align: center; "><img alt="" border="0" width="320" data-original-height="2448" data-original-width="3264" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEin2nwIxGqGXKMS1i-2ABuqAxdnl910LmmB1NlO-lFuLZwgtOgHzMMpbHqjAGG2p-VIjmKWNnbHGt03Z8IDJI2_p4RpJAbSf2fEhVdAd5_-9gSkHlyclqLGCz6vwkks1Hfk-vA89jfr9WuRVbzDTXVZkJCSASpk_oKeVQ6AQwi4BlY_1Xuocw34CJxlBw/s320/20220513_112440.jpg"/></a></div>
On a recent trip to Martin's Station/Wilderness Road State Park I stopped in to view a new rifle exhibit at the <a href="https://www.williamkingmuseum.org/">William King Museum of Art</a> in Abingdon, Virginia. Although not surprisingly heavy on "Golden Age" rifles, there are a few early standouts that rifle aficionados will recognize from the RCA series, including the brass barreled rifle and a substantial amount of knives, horns and accessories. The "Virginian ^ A rifleman" image from Richard St. George's 1777 sketches is also on view. As an aside, the William King museum's other galleries were very enjoyable, including some southwest Virginia early decorative arts, and overall it is a great example of a successful adaptive reuse of an early 20th century school building. Well worth the trip to Wolf hills, and the exhibit runs until October, 31 2022.
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<a href="https://www.williamkingmuseum.org/exhibit/the-long-rifle/">The Long Rifle in Virginia</a>
<blockquote>The long rifle was a surprise factor in winning American independence. A distinctive product of the backcountry of Pennsylvania and the Southern colonies, this celebrated rifle was essential for survival on the frontier.<br>
“The Long Rifle in Virginia” will showcase more than three dozen curated long rifles and accoutrements from the 18th and 19th centuries that have never before been assembled in the same exhibition. The exhibition will explore the artistry of Virginia gunsmiths through demonstrations, a symposium, and a recreated gunsmith shop on location.</blockquote>
In addition, there is a <a href="https://www.williamkingmuseum.org/event/the-virginia-long-rifle-a-symposium/">symposium</a> on October 14th and 15th 2022.Jimhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07469147287637455019noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7471550270150187285.post-73743603788830355312021-10-24T08:57:00.001-07:002021-10-24T09:00:14.963-07:00THE STORY OF THE NEW RIVER: Blueridge PBS documentary
<div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKnhEsEgdtWva86FiXWQcaDYcRO9MkfQXEDpT2ffUaARLj4hIW7243YE3TmV1NuoRiGFc65Kth9yxaO5-vu0BF-YY9B-3BbyoKJWXGTINzTjmea20gFngNPMfjQifexUuUsP4k2GXBLbhd/s1707/247602466_4666854216686181_566800266436517337_n.jpg" style="display: block; padding: 1em 0; text-align: center; "><img alt="" border="0" width="320" data-original-height="960" data-original-width="1707" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKnhEsEgdtWva86FiXWQcaDYcRO9MkfQXEDpT2ffUaARLj4hIW7243YE3TmV1NuoRiGFc65Kth9yxaO5-vu0BF-YY9B-3BbyoKJWXGTINzTjmea20gFngNPMfjQifexUuUsP4k2GXBLbhd/s320/247602466_4666854216686181_566800266436517337_n.jpg"/></a></div>
A new documentary that touches on some <a href="http://ofsortsforprovincials.blogspot.com/2014/12/bearded-people-dunkards-in-new-river.html">topics and locations</a> mentioned elsewhere in this blog just premiered on Blue Ridge PBS and may be of interest to some of the readership. <a href="https://www.blueridgepbs.org/local-productions/documentaries/new-river/">"The Story of the New River"</a> is currently streamable (for a limited time) <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3NSfL4WeJSY">here for free</a> and is also available for purchase from Blue Ridge PBS.Jimhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07469147287637455019noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7471550270150187285.post-34391905588233260382021-10-19T10:54:00.024-07:002021-10-19T19:04:03.981-07:00An interview with Wayne Trout, Gunsmith.Although this post is a departure from my usual content and scope, I thought an interview with my good friend and gunsmith Wayne Trout would be of interest to the readers here. Wayne is a talented, humble and helpful man; I always enjoy visits with him at his shop. For inquiries, Wayne can be reached at: wayne.trout@gmail.com
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<b>What is your professional background and where are you from?</b><br>
<br>
I was born in Norfolk VA and lived there 57 years. I graduated from VA Tech in 1973 with a BS in biology. I played VHSL sports in high school and NCAA sports in college. After graduation I finally found full time employment in April 1974 in the City Real Estate Assessor's office. I spent my entire professional career, 32 years, in the office. I was appointed to the chief position, City Assessor, in 1989 and held that position for 17 years until my retirement in 2006. In 2008 my wife of 43 years- Margo, and I moved to Giles County Virginia where we currently reside. We have a daughter and son, both of whom are married, and 8 grandchildren.
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<b>How did you get started building muzzle loaders?</b><br>
<br>
I joined up with one of the <a href="http://www.n-ssa.org/">North South Skirmish Association (N-SSA)</a> teams in 1975 and competed in the N-SSA for about 35 years. I had the good fortune of shooting on several national championship teams during that time. It was the N-SSA competition that got me started building guns. A good friend and I were having to rework the internal parts on our reproduction locks at least twice a year. We noted that the guys shooting original guns never had to do lock work. So, we decided to buy original locks and build rifles around them. When I had finished my rifle the chair of the N-SSA small arms committee expressed interest in buying it from me. I told him I had no interest in selling the gun and gave him what I thought was an outrageous price and he said that if I decided to let it go to tell him! Because I enjoyed doing the rifle build I purchased parts and started another one. Before I had finished it someone had said they wanted to buy it when I was done. As a result I estimate that I built around 30 copies of civil war rifles for shooting competition.
Around 2008 I bought a flint long rifle kit and built it. While that rifle will never see the light of day, the ability to utilize a degree of artistic license in building a gun really appealed to me, especially since the civil war rifles had to be exact reproductions of the original guns.. So, I thought I would do another. When I had completed the second kit I took it to a show in Harrisonburg VA. I walked into the showroom and almost immediately someone asked me if it was for sale and they bought it! I guess that pretty well sums up how I got to where I am today.
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<br>
<b>Who have you learned the most from?</b><br>
<br>
Living in Norfolk I had the good fortune of being about 45 minutes away from Colonial Williamsburg. Almost once a week I would drive there and go to the gun shop and aggravate the guys in there. At the time Richard Frazier, Clay Smith and Richard "Sully"Sullivan were the journeyman smiths and George Suiter was the shop master. All four men were of great help and encouragement to me. Even now I maintain regular contact with George Suiter and have annual contact with Clay and Sully. At George's insistence I started taking classes at the NMLRA gunsmithing school at Western Kentucky University. I have had the distinct pleasure and privilege of working under masters like Jack Brooks, Art DeCamp, Jim Kibler, Mark Silver and my good friend George Suiter.. I have also had the good fortune of getting to know Jim Chambers, Mark Thomas and many other people who are at the top of the long rifle art. Lastly, I had the distinct pleasure of being able to spend extended time with my dear old friend <a href="http://contemporarymakers.blogspot.com/2018/06/bob-harn.html">Bob Harn</a>. I was able to work in Bob's shop while my wife Margo and I vacated the winter climate of the Virginia mountains for Florida. I have been very fortunate to receive instruction and critique from folks I consider the best at what they do.
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<br> <center><i>Trout's 2019 Contemporary Longrifle Associatioin show display via the <a href="http://contemporarymakers.blogspot.com/2019/08/2019-cla-show-photos_23.html">Contemporary Makers blog</a></i><br></center>
<br>
<b>What is it about building rifles vs. fowlers or muskets that intrigues you?</b>
<br>
<br>
As I alluded earlier, the art of long rifle building is much different than reproducing an 1861 Springfield rifle, 1855 Harpers Ferry or any other civil war shoulder arm. All I did was make an exact duplicate of the original military weapon. The artistic skills needed to complete a longrifle and the ability to apply some degree of personal interpretation far exceeds and is considerably more rewarding than making an exact copy of a military gun that is no different than any other weapon of its kind. While I greatly enjoy building and decorating long rifles I would say that there really is not any part of the build that is easier from me than others, they're all difficult! I do, however, enjoy the finishing work of carving and engraving, but it takes a long time to get there.
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<b>Who is your favorite historic gunsmith or rifle style and why?</b><br>
<br>
Because I am a native Virginian, I gravitate primarily to the work of early Virginia gunsmiths. While I appreciate the arms from throughout the long rifle era, I prefer the early work, say from 1760-1790. The graceful lines of an early Virginia or Lancaster County gun with their clean, crisp lines I find very appealing.
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<b>What advice would you give an aspiring gun maker?</b><br>
<br>
If I were to advise an aspiring gunmaker I would say to find someone who has original guns. The ability to handle originals provides a tremendous amount of "tactile memory" that will prove invaluable in moving forward in the art. The study of originals will help to add that third dimension that is often needed when studying flat photos in a book.<br> <br>
<b>What is your most frequently used reference book/resource?</b><br>
<br>
Spending time looking at and studying those "flat" photos in books like Shumway's <i>Rifles of Colonial America Volumes 1 and 2</i> and Kindig's <i>Thoughts on the Kentucky Rifle in Its Golden Age</i> is of great benefit. Also, don't be afraid to take classes. Learning from those who have mastered the skills of barrel inletting, stock shaping, furniture inletting, making patch boxes and furniture, carving, engraving and any other associated skills will prove much more beneficial than the school of "hard knocks".<br>
Jimhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07469147287637455019noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7471550270150187285.post-35130651268906860882021-02-01T05:18:00.020-08:002024-02-13T08:17:44.132-08:00"A List of the Negroes at the Lead Mines" The enslaved workforce of Virginia's Revolutionary War lead mine.Our American liberty was won in part, using leaden bullets mined by men and women who were themselves denied freedom. One of the regrettable ironies of our fight for Independence from Britain is that approximately 33 enslaved men and women labored at Chiswell's lead mines in southwest Virginia (located in modern Austinville Virginia, near Wytheville) during the Revolutionary war. The mines had been a private commercial concern, but by 1776, were rented and administered by the State of Virginia due to their strategic importance. In a letter to William Byrd, who was one of the mine's partners; Edmund Pendleton wrote that "the Committee of Safety wishes to have the Assistance of your two negroe men Big Joe and Little Isaac or if you cannot spare them, two others named Lewis and Sligo" (Pendleton papers v1 p149 EP to WB 2/9/1776). <br><br>
The labor of these slaves was generally voluntarily "hired" by their masters for a term of eight years; however in one case a runaway named <a href="https://revolutionarysoldiersofvirginia.wordpress.com/negros/" target="_blank">Bristol</a> who had been caught attempting to join "Lord Dunmore's fleet when at Gwynn's island" was sent to the mines as a prisoner. Bristol's lost wages were petitioned for by his former owner, William Mountague of Lancaster County, Virginia in 1779.
Bristol again attempted to gain his freedom in 1785 and a runaway ad for him was published in the Virginia Gazette.
<br>
<p>
<br>
<i>Virginia Gazette or American Advertiser (Hayes), Richmond, May 14, 1785.<br><br>
TWENTY POUNDS REWARD WILL be given, for apprehending and delivering to me, two negro men, CAESAR and BRISTOL, alias BRISTER, or Ten Pounds for each of them.
Caesar is about 5 feet 7 inches high, of a square athletic make, and supposed to be near 30 years of age; he had on, a blue regimental coat, faced with white, and I believe, a white cloth waistcoat and breeches. He was purchased by the State, of William Robinson, Esq; of Princess Anne, the agent of John Hancock, and has for some years past been employed at the lead mine. BRISTOL, or BRISTER, is about 5 feet 9 inches high; of a spare make, and about the age of CAESAR. He was formerly the property of Mr. William Mountague of Lancaster, and has been employed for some years at the lead mine. He wore at the time he ran away, an old brown cloth coat, and an old pair of leather breeches. He carried with him, a new blue coat faced with white or red, a new white cloth waistcoat and breeches, and a new blanket.<br>
THOMAS MERIWETHER. Richmond, May 10, 1785.</i>
</p>
<br>
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<center><i>A conjectural sketch of the issued clothing worn by enslaved mine workers circa 1780. Illustration by Jim Mullins.</i><br></center>
<br>
<br>
The names of the enslaved workforce were recorded in a manuscript now held in the <a href="https://ead.lib.virginia.edu/vivaxtf/view?docId=lva/vi00085.xml">Library of Virginia</a> and are included below in hopes that they will be properly remembered for their contribution to our Nation as an integral part of the forging of our Republic, even while being denied freedom and the fruits of their labor themselves.<br>
<p>
<br>
<i>A List of the Negroes at the Lead Mines<br><br>
Will<br>
Bob<br>
Cesar<br>
Ned<br>
David<br>
Fielding<br>
Juba<br>
Bristol<br>
Lewis<br>
Roger<br>
Jacob<br>
Frank<br>
Peter<br>
Tar<br>
Aberdeen<br>
Tom<br>
James<br>
Phebe<br>
Sue<br>
<br>
These are able & fit for Labor when well }<br><br>
Aberdeen<br>
Glasgow<br>
York<br>
George<br>
Lucy <br>
Phillis<br>
Sarah<br>
<br>
Old & Super annuated<br>
<br>
Charles<br>
Luke [i]<br>
Luke [ii]<br>
James<br>
Kitt<br>
Aaron<br>
George<br>
Sam [i]<br>
Sam [ii]<br>
Jacob<br>
Peter<br>
Dick Run away</i><br>
<br>
</p>
<p>
<br>
Clothing and bedding was issued to the enslaved workers from the Virginia Public Store (excerpts from Colonial Williamsburg MS) <br>
<br>
Virginia Public Store Daybook June 1, 1778-Nov. 13, 1778 M-1016.1<br>
<i>
Williamsburg 6th Nov. 1778<br>
Lead Mines per Order Governor Dr<br>
To Sundry Clothing for 33 Negroes imployed in that work del Colo. Charles Lunch Viz<br>
To 264 Yds Tartaine<br>
231 do Linen<br>
33 pr Stockings<br>
allowing [illeg] shirts [per] man...<br>
<br>
</p>
<p>
M106.2<br>
Nov.1 1779<br>
Lead Mines Ord Board of Trade<br>
Sundr furnished Negroe Dick belonging to the Mines Vizt.<br>
1 Coat<br>
1 pr Breeches<br>
1 Waistcoat<br>
1 Shirt<br>
3 1/2 Yd Linen 1pr Stockings<br>
1 Cap 1 pr Shoes<br>
1 Baize Blanket<br>
</p>
<p>
M-1016.2<br>
Daybook Williamsburg Public Store<br>
July 1, 1779-July 12,1780<br>
[Nov. 3 1779]<br>
"...Publick Lead Mines and B. of Trade<br>
Sundr. for Clothing the Negroes at the Mines: Viz.<br>
195 Yds 5/8 Coarse Cloth @ 25/... 243..15-<br>
32 1/2 do. Green baize @ 10/... 16..5-<br>
35 Pair Stockings @ 15/ 26...5-<br>
30 hunting shirts @ 12/6 18..15..-<br>
4 Baize blankets @ 90/ 18..<br>
8 Small dutch do. @ 9L... 72..-...- <br>
23 better do. <br>
2lb Sewing thread<br>
8 doz Pewter butts<br>
30 ditto vest<br>
Pr Christopher Irvine<br>
</p>
<br>
<p>
Richmond 28th November 1780 p138<br>
M-1169.5 Richmond<br>
Public Lead Mines pr Ord Governor<br>
For Sundry Clothing furnished for the use of Thirty Three Negroes belonging to the Public [illeg] works at the Mines-Vizt<br>
10 Sailor's Jackets<br>
45 Yds coarse Cloth for 15 uper Jackets<br>
33 Sailors under Jackets<br>
33 pr Breeches<br>
261 Yds Osnabrigs for 66 Shirts & Linings<br>
for 20 pr Breeches<br>
7 yds Negroe Cloth<br>
40 yds do do<br>
Pr Harry Terrece [?]<br>
</p>
</i>
Unlike Bristol, who was carried to the mines as a prisoner after attempting to join the British forces with Lord Dunmore at Gwynne's Island; an enslaved man named Aberdeen left his master (a Loyalist named John Goodridge, possibly the infamous privateer <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Goodrich_%28Loyalist%29" target="_blank">John Goodrich</a> ) when Goodridge sought to join the British at Norfolk in 1776. Aberdeen presented himself to one James Hopper and was subsequently sent by Colonel Lynch to the mines where he "labored Honestly" until 1783, at which time he successfully petitioned for his freedom (thanks to both April Danner and Sarah Nucci for bringing Aberdeen's story to light). In addition to Aberdeen, the slaves who had served in the army were then <a href="http://vagenweb.org/hening/vol11-15.htm" target="_blank">legally emancipated</a>.<br><br>
<i>CHAP. III. [Chapter CXC in original.]
An act directing the emancipation of certain slaves who have served as soldiers in this state, and for the emancipation of the slave Aberdeen.<br><br>
Chan. Rev. p. 210.
I. WHEREAS it hath been represented to the present general assembly, that during the course of the war, many persons in this state had caused their slaves to enlist in certain regiments or corps raised within the same, having tendered such slaves to the officers appointed to recruit forces within the state, as substitutes for free persons, whose lot or duty it was to serve in such regiments or corps, at the same time representing to such recruiting officers that the slaves so enlisted by their direction or concurrence were freemen; and it appearing further to this assembly, that on expiration of the term of enlistment of such slaves that the former owners have attempted again to force them to return to a state of servitude, contrary to the principles of justice, and to their own solemn promise. Preamble reciting that many slaves, during the war, were enlisted into the army, as substitutes, being tendered as free men.
II. And whereas it appears just and reasonable that all persons enlisted as afosesaid, who have faithfully served agreeable to the terms of their enlistment, and have thereby of course contributed towards the establishment of American liberty and independence, should enjoy the blessings of freedom as a reward for their toils and labours; Be it therefore enacted, That each and every slave, who by the appointment and direction of his owner, hath enlisted in any regiment or corps raised within this state, either on continental or state establishment, and hath been received as a substitute All slaves so enlisted, by appointment of their masters, and serving their term, emancipated. </i>
<br>
<br>
Colonel Charles Lynch, who managed the lead mine during the Revolution, became an advocate of manumission in his later years. A 1792 <a href="http://www.avocamuseum.org/colonel-charles-lynch-1">document signed by Lynch</a> read:<br><br>
<p>
“All men who are by nature free and agreeable to the command of our Lord and Savior Christ believe it is our duty to do unto all men as we would have them do unto us.”
</p>
<br>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSF4Iaw85snjmOU3SyfA6_hvLnGrsRkr64R_130_mGUxbm9w673yYdOISlXrSuF7Ak02dtaxRvOLy4vMCPPRAG9hzpneXJgUx4qaloLRzOLtegTDdTDGpi6Bub4dE328ya5N6WuR55eKN8/s783/MA21_Cover_72.jpg" style="display: block; padding: 1em 0; text-align: center; "><img alt="" border="0" height="320" data-original-height="783" data-original-width="612" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSF4Iaw85snjmOU3SyfA6_hvLnGrsRkr64R_130_mGUxbm9w673yYdOISlXrSuF7Ak02dtaxRvOLy4vMCPPRAG9hzpneXJgUx4qaloLRzOLtegTDdTDGpi6Bub4dE328ya5N6WuR55eKN8/s320/MA21_Cover_72.jpg"/></a></div>
For further information on the lead mines, I encourage you to have a look at my article "Chiswell's Lead Mines" which appears in the March/April 2021 issue of <a href="https://www.muzzleloadermagazine.com/index.php?main_page=product_info&cPath=1_65&products_id=393/">Muzzleloader magazine.</a>
<br>
<br>
My sincere thanks to April Danner, Sarah Nucci, Michael Gillman, Spenser D. Slough and Joel Anderson for their generosity in sharing primary source information on this often overlooked topic.
Jimhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07469147287637455019noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7471550270150187285.post-32421028243334639452021-01-27T10:15:00.067-08:002021-10-14T12:22:27.977-07:00Setting a Genteel table: William Preston's Imported Ceramics in the Virginia BackcountryOne of the most prominent figures in the history of the 18th-century Virginia backcountry was <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Preston_%28Virginia_soldier%29">William Preston</a>. During his lifetime, Preston wore many hats, serving as a Surveyor, a Soldier in two wars (both as a County Militia Officer as well as a <a href="http://ofsortsforprovincials.blogspot.com/2019/04/george-washingtons-southwestern.html">Ranging company officer</a> during the French and Indian War) and as a Politician: fulfilling several roles in Virginia's Colonial Government. Preston became one of the most wealthy men in the region, amassing large amounts of land and experimenting in numerous revenue streams including land speculation, farming, the <a href="https://www.historicsmithfield.org/slavery-at-smithfield.html">slave trade</a> and running a distillery. Preston lived at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenfield_%28Fincastle,_Virginia%29">"Greenfield"</a>, in Botetourt county during the 1760s and around 1773 began building a new home named <a href="https://www.historicsmithfield.org/">"Smithfield"</a>, in what would become Blacksburg in Montgomery County, Virginia near the site of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draper%27s_Meadow_massacre">Draper's Meadow</a>.
<div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjR4k9hKU_xGgtXy3O25ceul1ZbQ116izXcJOF2wG1VkrJZhyphenhyphenibUS0Yz6wrRA16S9F1tFNKoFD6Rynyl6AMWSDbHqk7rSmLEP-rNQ-vcFH3ZC_-3ZlpOEQq7mw7SDzcMrgtdZDrbbH01D0_/s2048/20171001_151227.jpg" style="display: block; padding: 1em 0; text-align: center; "><img alt="" border="0" width="320" data-original-height="1152" data-original-width="2048" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjR4k9hKU_xGgtXy3O25ceul1ZbQ116izXcJOF2wG1VkrJZhyphenhyphenibUS0Yz6wrRA16S9F1tFNKoFD6Rynyl6AMWSDbHqk7rSmLEP-rNQ-vcFH3ZC_-3ZlpOEQq7mw7SDzcMrgtdZDrbbH01D0_/s320/20171001_151227.jpg"/></a></div>
<i><center><a href="https://www.historicsmithfield.org/">Smithfield</a> is an (unusual for the area) 18th century timber frame building that would look more at home in Virginia's Tidewater region than in the Virginia backcountry, and as such was a powerful demonstration of his wealth and status when compared with the more common small log structures of his neighbors. </center></i>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjUH-61M6IB7yM-hLF5C0lTNbJQ7X6UTq5T-zLLjCfXLew3rZjeEHefc5IC0wUHnrLbpvOOra_W2muH0CeBWTJX1LThzzS6_WqZwyhUxFS4f_s1DdTG1FZDAB5GXJBffuaLwTU7W2czNhYJ/s629/manigault+1854copy+gibbes+museum.jpg" style="display: block; padding: 1em 0; text-align: center; "><img alt="" border="0" width="320" data-original-height="501" data-original-width="629" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjUH-61M6IB7yM-hLF5C0lTNbJQ7X6UTq5T-zLLjCfXLew3rZjeEHefc5IC0wUHnrLbpvOOra_W2muH0CeBWTJX1LThzzS6_WqZwyhUxFS4f_s1DdTG1FZDAB5GXJBffuaLwTU7W2czNhYJ/s320/manigault+1854copy+gibbes+museum.jpg"/></a></div>
<center>
<p><i>A 19th century copy of an 18th century drawing depicting Colonial era military Officers and Gentry carousing while an exhausted enslaved Servant stands by the wall in Charleston, South Carolina. " Mr. Peter Manigault and his friends drawn by one of them (Mr Roupell) about the year 1754 from which this copy is now made in August 1854 by his Great- Grand - Son Louis Manigault Charleston So.Ca."</i> <a href="https://gibbesmuseum.pastperfectonline.com/webobject/46916BD4-F1DA-47CA-89A1-150220462922">Gibbes Museum of Art Gift of Mr. Joseph E. Jenkins 1968.005.0001 </a></center></p>
<a href="https://richmond.com/news/virginia/archaeologists-seek-another-dig-at-former-greenfield-plantation-site/article_6089cd40-c989-5c42-935d-30d64715b06b.html">Recent excavations</a> at his Greenfield property uncovered portions of a mid 18th-century Earthenware <a href="https://apps.jefpat.maryland.gov/diagnostic/ColonialCeramics/Colonial%20Ware%20Descriptions/Clouded-and-Tortoiseshell.html">"clouded" or "Tortoiseshell" glazed plate </a> as well as other artifacts including an <a href="https://roanoke.com/gallery/photos-artifacts-at-the-former-greenfield-plantation-site/collection_aa1389fd-f4e8-5e85-94d1-5dccf955e191.html#10" target="_blank">English trade gun buttplate</a>. Preston's choice of ceramics for his table at Greenfield mirrored that many of his middling neighbors who utilized sturdy utilitarian pewter and stoneware tablewares; the lower sort perhaps treen.
<div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQXvqru8A7U0ygtx68yZSsm4s1dnaEeppQ2gXylo3o2PJxbuYQ4GOFUX_eGIJZ3IPqB1CxU00lEIJcQPgJq6xNxO44VKHY96WJUyRLq_KLSCWLcL1LH9gepr7xqEYJqL6Fn9XOVULUHntV/s384/crop+nc+gazette+oct+1759+p4.jpg" style="display: block; padding: 1em 0; text-align: center; "><img alt="" border="0" width="320" data-original-height="372" data-original-width="384" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQXvqru8A7U0ygtx68yZSsm4s1dnaEeppQ2gXylo3o2PJxbuYQ4GOFUX_eGIJZ3IPqB1CxU00lEIJcQPgJq6xNxO44VKHY96WJUyRLq_KLSCWLcL1LH9gepr7xqEYJqL6Fn9XOVULUHntV/s320/crop+nc+gazette+oct+1759+p4.jpg"/></a></div>
<p><center>"Tortoise Shell Cups and Saucers" Advertised alongside a variety of ready made slop clothing and common goods in the <i>North Carolina Gazette</i> (October, 1759, page 4) </center></p>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWlnNj-ELqekmT4Kam-01EK6WR4bWH9kzD7mT-KhBkwMcsxl99V586dA8MkrgpzCkee4qswl61ZN_SVCPI4OOA81ZhktR7grvK00J1ksNt2x48AQnNH7S3kTMrgAoYTlYKwhilvERAFwcC/s1086/clouded+plate.jpg" style="display: block; padding: 1em 0; text-align: center; "><img alt="" border="0" height="320" data-original-height="1086" data-original-width="1078" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWlnNj-ELqekmT4Kam-01EK6WR4bWH9kzD7mT-KhBkwMcsxl99V586dA8MkrgpzCkee4qswl61ZN_SVCPI4OOA81ZhktR7grvK00J1ksNt2x48AQnNH7S3kTMrgAoYTlYKwhilvERAFwcC/s320/clouded+plate.jpg"/></a></div>
<p><center>A mid 18th century molded "clouded" plate similar to fragments excavated at Greenfield in 2016-2018 (Private collection).</center></p>
The mottled and molded clouded or tortoiseshell glazed plates from Greenfield were evidently replaced by the more fashionable <a href="https://apps.jefpat.maryland.gov/diagnostic/ColonialCeramics/Colonial%20Ware%20Descriptions/Creamware.html">"Creamware"</a> style of molded earthenware in the upwardly mobile Preston family household by 1771. Preston was a very early adopter of this style in Virginia.
<div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEisEdKHL58Q7UiQy8_1UQsmG7MvdTiLCyf-zWaNtKoc6aovgy4gls21XKxTy2HG1DrlvMOPL8bUv7wliF4OR_-64geg_GcIG5TQV2QOZY9_LPTa6XHYjYNeM8sndd96Ma92msmldoqXLMjW/s716/creamware.jpg" style="display: block; padding: 1em 0; text-align: center; "><img alt="" border="0" height="320" data-original-height="716" data-original-width="696" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEisEdKHL58Q7UiQy8_1UQsmG7MvdTiLCyf-zWaNtKoc6aovgy4gls21XKxTy2HG1DrlvMOPL8bUv7wliF4OR_-64geg_GcIG5TQV2QOZY9_LPTa6XHYjYNeM8sndd96Ma92msmldoqXLMjW/s320/creamware.jpg"/></a></div>
<p><center>A ca. 1770-80 Creamware plate (Private collection).</center></p>
<p>
Ann Smart Martin's <a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=J0P6rmhhP6IC&dq=Ann+Smart+Martin&q=creamware#v=snippet&q=preston&f=false"><i>Buying Into the World of Goods: Early Consumers in Backcountry Virginia</i> </a> mentions that:
<i>
"The earliest reference to Queen's ware- also known as cream-colored ware- in Virginia dates from 1768;
by the summer of 1771, a wealthy Tidewater planter had reported that Queen's ware had attained popularity among his peers. That [William] Preston also purchased "Queen's ware" on his 1771 trip [from Botetourt to Williamsburg] simultaneously illustrates his awareness of fashion and the absence of large sets in his own local market."</i> </p>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgc6J8b9ylRuNaD6qHxLVBoHhVtwNR_wWPq1srPrYFMzyRm9RAkxO3ZIZNC5fF5DgOWfjGGn6NOiq8GiEMcsscSYmx9n50HKM2Oqi6mOr7N1nthX6RhMlwRGOYctHuDMbnSaGKI_cxb_vsw/s418/Purdie+and+Dixon++June+30+1768p2detail.jpg" style="display: block; padding: 1em 0; text-align: center; "><img alt="" border="0" width="320" data-original-height="374" data-original-width="418" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgc6J8b9ylRuNaD6qHxLVBoHhVtwNR_wWPq1srPrYFMzyRm9RAkxO3ZIZNC5fF5DgOWfjGGn6NOiq8GiEMcsscSYmx9n50HKM2Oqi6mOr7N1nthX6RhMlwRGOYctHuDMbnSaGKI_cxb_vsw/s320/Purdie+and+Dixon++June+30+1768p2detail.jpg"/></a></div>
<p><center> <i> The earliest mention of "Queen's sets of cream coloured ware..." from the Virginia Gazette also references the universality of stone wares in the past and the novelty of the new cream wares. Virginia Gazette, Purdie and Dixon June 30, 1768 page 2.</i></center></p>
<p>
Although he was one of the first to procure it in the backcountry; Preston wasn't the only man in Southwest Virginia who would own creamware. <a href="http://ofsortsforprovincials.blogspot.com/2011/06/self-sufficiency-mythor-what-was-in.html">McCorkle's store</a> in what is now Pulaski County, Virginia carried "Queen's china" around the eve of the Revolution, and scattered references are found in local estates and probate inventories, such as a 1773 court case involving the debts of a deceased blacksmith in Fincastle county and the 1776 will of Welsh immigrant and Chiswell's lead mine manager <a href="https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/120890389/william-herbert">William Herbert</a>.
<div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhOi9wFRSApa5x3YFY9kN7TjxQ6664Aw5bZXGIzyfrtV2NQZlgcYHZiiZ9UyKkb41U49SmPnlW4OSNoUBVpgYQzxz4_ChAe_mYbO9ISNIyxNq3f3Eqhet581MxikiXWwr5XGzY0O30MciuQ/s452/ovall+platter+fort+chiswell.jpg" style="display: block; padding: 1em 0; text-align: center; "><img alt="" border="0" width="320" data-original-height="360" data-original-width="452" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhOi9wFRSApa5x3YFY9kN7TjxQ6664Aw5bZXGIzyfrtV2NQZlgcYHZiiZ9UyKkb41U49SmPnlW4OSNoUBVpgYQzxz4_ChAe_mYbO9ISNIyxNq3f3Eqhet581MxikiXWwr5XGzY0O30MciuQ/s320/ovall+platter+fort+chiswell.jpg"/></a></div>
<p> <center> <i> Oval creamware platter from Fort Chiswell. Detail figure 48 from <i><a href="https://books.google.com/books/about/Excavations_at_Fort_Chiswell.html?id=hUfnSQAACAAJ" target="_blank">Excavations at Fort Chiswell</a></i> (Funk/Hoffman/Holup/Revwer/Smith UVA Laboratory of Archaeology 1976).</i></center></p>
<br>At Fort Chiswell, <i>"Creamware was one of the more common ware types found at the site and was included in every structure...But
an earlier mottled glazed cream-colored ware (refined earthenware) known as "clouded" ware was produced in 1740. We have just one sherd of this type, located in Structure #2 in a sealed eighteenth century level..."</i> (<i>Excavations at Fort Chiswell</i> p61). <br>
<br> <p>
Creamware became immensely popular and despite being fairly new in the remote Virginia backcountry in 1774 <a href="http://www.wedgwoodmuseum.org.uk/learning/discovery_packs/pack/classical/chapter/bodies-and-shapes" target="_blank">English Potter Josiah Wedgewood foreshadowed </a> that <i>"I apprehend our customers will not much longer be content with Queen's Ware it being now render'd vulgar and common everywhere".</i> Wedgewood's prediction would eventually prove truthful, and feather edge creamware fragments were recovered at Fort Boonesborough, among numerous other Revolutionary War era frontier sites. </p>Jimhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07469147287637455019noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7471550270150187285.post-7010427618242227932020-10-30T13:38:00.046-07:002024-02-06T07:42:11.409-08:00A Timeline of the Virginia Cherokee Expedition 1760-1761<div><p style="text-align: center;"><b> A Timeline of the Virginia Cherokee Expedition 1760-1761</b></p><p style="text-align: center;"><b> </b></p><p style="text-align: center;"><b></b></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7nGQoCsrxh-zfCTujCRCy6QN08pgIFSOdB5jseKxLdmgqO9FeszCGFGZZBPR_pGNBw1EApdV9gVaaPsfcaf_Edg4ds2aXwe64hGp4V-uJINfWwGhRmIpt7ozj9HpELHzCdJ8knVxIRGoF/s2048/cherokee-1.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2048" data-original-width="1811" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7nGQoCsrxh-zfCTujCRCy6QN08pgIFSOdB5jseKxLdmgqO9FeszCGFGZZBPR_pGNBw1EApdV9gVaaPsfcaf_Edg4ds2aXwe64hGp4V-uJINfWwGhRmIpt7ozj9HpELHzCdJ8knVxIRGoF/s320/cherokee-1.jpg" /></a></b></div><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><b><i><a href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/6924937/4/public?contributionType=tag" target="_blank">Military Commission Granted to Chief Okana-Stoté of the Cherokee by Governor Louis Billouart, Chevalier de Kerlérec 1761 </a></i></b><br /></div><div><p></p><p>Hostilities broke out between the once allied Cherokees and British Colonies in 1759. Friction between the two parties (encouraged by French diplomacy) spiraled into sporadic back country violence and escalated into an outright war following the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Cherokee_War" target="_blank">killing of Lt. Richard Coytmore and the retaliatory execution of Cherokee hostages being held at Fort Prince George in early 1760</a>. The garrisons at Fort Prince George, 96, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Loudoun_(Tennessee)" target="_blank">Fort Loudon</a> (Tennessee) were subsequently under attack; the latter cut off. British authorities responded to requests of military assistance from South Carolina by sending approximately 1,400 British regulars (composed of the 1st Royal Regiment and the 77th) under the command of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archibald_Montgomerie,_11th_Earl_of_Eglinton" target="_blank">Colonel Archibald Montgomery</a> of the 1st Highland Battalion (77th) from New York in March of 1760. </p><p> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiu4xR-__QWuFHHuJhQC1bfMV-W7Vv46tDcemwYCpDZCrOq8KpqHgzvggd2gxnt09fRNR2HANRRZ0BlNZBbgYufbykQU64cGpHFg1_dpxcJ2pwvhbQzsFB01JvQQ6RlY7hcC8V_2X-JmjBr/s1157/1st+regt+composite.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1157" data-original-width="1066" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiu4xR-__QWuFHHuJhQC1bfMV-W7Vv46tDcemwYCpDZCrOq8KpqHgzvggd2gxnt09fRNR2HANRRZ0BlNZBbgYufbykQU64cGpHFg1_dpxcJ2pwvhbQzsFB01JvQQ6RlY7hcC8V_2X-JmjBr/s320/1st+regt+composite.jpg" /></a></div><p style="text-align: center;"><i>Left: Private of the 1st Royal Regiment from the 1742 Cloathing book (<a href="http://digitalgallery.nypl.org/nypldigital/dgkeysearchresult.cfm?num=48&parent_id=293136&word=&snum=&s=&notword=&d=&c=&f=&sScope=&sLevel=&sLabel=&imgs=12&pNum=" target="_blank">NY Public Library</a>). </i><i> </i></p><p style="text-align: center;"><i>Right: Grenadier of the Royal Regiment ca. 1751 by David Morier (<a href="https://www.rct.uk/collection/405578/grenadiers-1st-royal-2nd-queens-and-3rd-regiments-of-foot-1751" target="_blank">Royal Collection Trust).</a><br /></i></p></div><div style="text-align: center;"><i>Bottom: Brass hilted infantry hanger matching the style depicted by Morier above (Private collection).<br /></i></div><div><p></p><p> Montgomery's regulars saw initial success against the Cherokee lower towns but received a serious check at the battle of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Echoee" target="_blank">Etchoe</a> in June as he advanced on the Cherokee middle towns. Montgomery and his second in command <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Grant_(British_Army_officer,_born_1720)" target="_blank">Major Grant</a> (of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Duquesne" target="_blank">Grant's defeat</a> infamy) withdrew and returned to New York by August, failing to rescue the garrison at Fort Loudon.</p><p style="text-align: center;"> </p></div><div><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgysFwmKY6OhbyP5Xpw8Eui3RtLcJFbhx8mft4OyA8cwOR6ZXGyLZkXg7xqCVS6yB1LwWGQuUahaurPoGeJnUUEJJuW2dth8q8LtFCCJSOFa0KOg2McFSt5PCxH5dWwK8YrEYdLpj9OgxSI/s1196/copley+hugh+montgomery+portrait+detail+1780.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1051" data-original-width="1196" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgysFwmKY6OhbyP5Xpw8Eui3RtLcJFbhx8mft4OyA8cwOR6ZXGyLZkXg7xqCVS6yB1LwWGQuUahaurPoGeJnUUEJJuW2dth8q8LtFCCJSOFa0KOg2McFSt5PCxH5dWwK8YrEYdLpj9OgxSI/s320/copley+hugh+montgomery+portrait+detail+1780.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"> </div><div style="text-align: center;"><i>Detail from <a href="https://www.nationalgalleries.org/art-and-artists/2364/hugh-montgomerie-12th-earl-eglinton-1739-1819-soldier-lord-lieutenant-ayrshire"> Copley's ca. 1780 portrait of Hugh Montgomerie</a>, 12th Earl of Eglinton </i><i>(National Galleries, Scotland)</i></div><div style="text-align: center;"><i> </i></div><p>While the regulars were ordered to attack the lower Cherokee towns from South Carolina, Amherst ordered the under-strength, neglected, and scattered Virginia Provincial Regiment under Col. William Byrd "to hold the regiment in readiness to march." from garrison duty in the Virginia and Pennsylvania back country (March 30, 1760 <i>Correspondence of the Three William Byrds of Westover Virginia 1684-1776</i> Volume 2). <br /></p><p><br /></p><p style="text-align: center;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhqj6l8ogBB-xiRVwFTKWN5gks6o_i0Zj1GOfBF45fgrdwD0W34BH3dMb80Mg4PhUYayr_JTvKJEQpFFv5L981Yq4f0fChnfMauYyqC1HiWYuqTqL2IBovgrya46saUajh8YK6C2CYp58H3/s2048/87_WilliamByrdIII.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2048" data-original-width="1691" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhqj6l8ogBB-xiRVwFTKWN5gks6o_i0Zj1GOfBF45fgrdwD0W34BH3dMb80Mg4PhUYayr_JTvKJEQpFFv5L981Yq4f0fChnfMauYyqC1HiWYuqTqL2IBovgrya46saUajh8YK6C2CYp58H3/s320/87_WilliamByrdIII.jpg" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><i> Col. William Byrd III (<a href="https://colonialvirginiaportraits.org/portrait/william-byrd-iii-1728-1777-2/" target="_blank">link</a>)</i><br /></div></div><div><p></p><p>Colonel Byrd's family had been involved in the Southern Indian trade since the 17th century and he had served as an envoy to the Cherokees and Catawbas in the Carolinas for the Colony of Virginia in 1755 and 1756. After the resignation of Colonel Washington, he took command of the Virginia Provincial Regiment in 1759 (he commanded the short lived 2nd Battalion for the 1758 Forbes campaign against Fort Duquesne). Upon being ordered to march to the relief of the besieged Fort Loudon Garrison, Byrd wrote Brigadier General Monkton on May 24th, 1760 that <i>"...You will judge of the impossibility of the attempt when I tell you that this fort [Loudon] is six hundred miles beyond our outermost inhabitants & not a post in the whole way; no men are yet levy'd for that purpose, neither are any provisions or carriages engaged. These men [of the Fort Loudon garrison] must unavoidably fall into the hands of the savages who will shew them no mercy." </i>(<i>Correspondence of the Three William Byrds of Westover Virginia 1684-1776</i> Volume 2). Despite his protests and attempt to resign from the expedition, Byrd did his best to muster a relief party. The experienced Byrd recommended a plan to advance in stages along the lines of the<a href="http://web.hardynet.com/~gruber/supplies_forbes_road.html" target="_blank"> "Protected Advance" utilized by Forbes in the campaign prior</a>. Byrd's ill equipped forces slowly moved southward, many of them without regimental clothing and unarmed. By the time his under-strength regiment was <a href="http://ofsortsforprovincials.blogspot.com/2009/12/county-marked-muskets-in-virginia.html" target="_blank">fully armed</a> in late August (with the assistance of Colonel Chiswell), the Garrison at Fort Loudon had already <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Loudoun_(Tennessee)#Siege_of_Fort_Loudoun" target="_blank">surrendered to the Cherokee and many of the men had been massacred</a>. Byrd continued his route towards the Big Island (Kingsport Tennessee), and advanced parties encountered survivors of the garrison and a party of Cherokees under <a href="https://www.ncpedia.org/biography/attakullakulla" target="_blank">Attakullakulla (Little Carpenter)</a> who had ransomed Captain Stewart and removed him to the safety of the Virginian's lines. </p><p style="text-align: center;"> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgfn-vDqNnD7zhHSK9tR8xiA0sGUayzuceKgQr8JuTiOmLaK_8G4TL8WVKqFvxuKFawe698YXHJfYGl_l32XZIV2_a0OU2ZwbEoD8odp0oD24thuBai9To63E4D78gGKST7mX6b_XOK_kOK/s1744/fort+chiswell+site+plan+cln.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1497" data-original-width="1744" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgfn-vDqNnD7zhHSK9tR8xiA0sGUayzuceKgQr8JuTiOmLaK_8G4TL8WVKqFvxuKFawe698YXHJfYGl_l32XZIV2_a0OU2ZwbEoD8odp0oD24thuBai9To63E4D78gGKST7mX6b_XOK_kOK/s320/fort+chiswell+site+plan+cln.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><i> Site plan showing the various building footprints from Sayer's plantation, which would later become known as Fort Chiswell and later McGavock's Tavern or Ordinary. The last structure on the site before road construction is the 20th century Davis house at center. Interim Report Archaeological Excavations at Fort Chiswell, Wythe county Va. 1976 David K. Hazzard and Martha W. McCartney.</i><br /></div></div><div><p></p><p style="text-align: center;"><b> Sayer's Plantation/Fort Chiswell</b><br /></p>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhNbnAXmuXEyRyZiRpR_Ip4yeIikBJ-A-llucclTlQ6CanLXuMl0-GOPKJRgneAaUb8Uc1kD2zXSpFYyZrYi4s2cODDHVNPzm_pWtVAInsOVxf4C_gVHW823tEVmpVAfskzjYe2EXsy99yp/s863/sayers+era+modelsketchuplog.jpg" style="display: block; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="467" data-original-width="863" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhNbnAXmuXEyRyZiRpR_Ip4yeIikBJ-A-llucclTlQ6CanLXuMl0-GOPKJRgneAaUb8Uc1kD2zXSpFYyZrYi4s2cODDHVNPzm_pWtVAInsOVxf4C_gVHW823tEVmpVAfskzjYe2EXsy99yp/s320/sayers+era+modelsketchuplog.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;"><i> View showing the approximate location of the original Sayers era buildings from the general area of the magazine (from left to right: Sayer's log House, log kitchen and smokehouse). </i><br /></div></div><div><p></p><p style="text-align: center;"><b> Sayer's Plantation/Fort Chiswell</b><br /></p>
<p>Byrd encamped at the abandoned plantation of a Virginia officer named Alexander Sayers, who is mentioned in passing in <a href=" https://books.google.com/books?id=vHr-cf5j0AEC&pg=PA172&lpg=PA172&dq=timberlake+sayers&source=bl&ots=fLLmtyaFpY&sig=ACfU3U1WVFFDiCTV_2py3bTXYJYcgvOCeg&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwikkLbjvoLkAhXHJt8KHVY_BhcQ6AEwCHoECAcQAQ#v=onepage&q=timberlake%20sayers&f=false" target="_blank">Timberlake's Memoirs </a> (Lt. Timberlake recounts him concerning a dangerous crossing of the rain swollen Youghiogheny River; Sayers later drowned crossing the New River in 1765) and had already removed his family from the area for greater safety in New London while he was with the army at Fort Ligonier in Pennsylvania. When Byrd's command reached the "Camp at Sayer's" on Reed's creek (near modern Wytheville, Va), they encountered a small farm consisting of a log house, a log kitchen and a small four foot square smokehouse (the bricks used in the foundation were excavated in the 1970s). </p><p style="text-align: center;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMWggO9BjyEjKqUGDhH5lJ58hHNjASftG39o_Dc-j3qpO_2B8mt10loI86sOJUrh5x8xr9xhYZzmrn5_SywMbPIgM7VeQg0artdq5xK3u1QilxRukKbUcZAI27LvlFc4hmS8m_-HtEXE4h/s2048/fort+chiswell+gun+parts+vdotcrop.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1388" data-original-width="2048" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMWggO9BjyEjKqUGDhH5lJ58hHNjASftG39o_Dc-j3qpO_2B8mt10loI86sOJUrh5x8xr9xhYZzmrn5_SywMbPIgM7VeQg0artdq5xK3u1QilxRukKbUcZAI27LvlFc4hmS8m_-HtEXE4h/s320/fort+chiswell+gun+parts+vdotcrop.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><i> </i></div><div><div style="text-align: center;"><i>Firearms related artifacts from the Fort Chiswell site dig, including parts from a "Brown Bess" type musket. Interim Report Archaeological Excavations at Fort Chiswell, Wythe county Va. 1976 David K. Hazzard and Martha W. McCartney.</i></div><p></p><p>At some point from 1760-62, the Virginia Provincials added a dug out powder "magazine" similar to the one unearthed at Fort Ligonier in Pennsylvania. Contradicting local lore, this magazine was the only purely military architectural feature discovered by Archaeologists working a salvage dig at the site prior to highway construction. Although incongruous with the modern use of the word "fort", it should be remembered that this site was first considered a way point on the protected advance towards the site of the yet un-built Big Island fort. </p><p style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibHt6EQdrJc1CnbGJYeaJNLUaMyRhRFKsl-xkQJe8m2P1_ddqzZ3A7q2db-iLV1J7v4ZskRaIrJ18owUiNmOQPYQBWEnYZTU2LBVHYUFizT5kbeFkSkCl1vqhQapR156KS3ZyKAJ5CaSVi/s560/Entrance-to-the-underground-magazine-store+ligonier.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="315" data-original-width="560" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibHt6EQdrJc1CnbGJYeaJNLUaMyRhRFKsl-xkQJe8m2P1_ddqzZ3A7q2db-iLV1J7v4ZskRaIrJ18owUiNmOQPYQBWEnYZTU2LBVHYUFizT5kbeFkSkCl1vqhQapR156KS3ZyKAJ5CaSVi/s320/Entrance-to-the-underground-magazine-store+ligonier.jpg" width="320" /></a></p><div style="text-align: center;"><i> </i></div><div style="text-align: center;"><i>Reconstructed Powder magazine at Fort Ligonier</i></div><p> </p><p>The next year Byrd was ordered to proceed to <a href="https://stalnakerfamilyassoc.org/landmarks" target="_blank">Stalnacker's plantation</a> <i> "to erect a <b>small log-house fort </b>for the security of provisions, ammunition & etc."</i> so it appears likely that the Virginia Provincials simply made use of the existing structures at the camp, and the log house was sufficient to earn the name "Fort Chiswell" (named for Col. John Chiswell, a business associate of Byrd's, who was partners with Byrd and Chiswell's son in law, John Robinson in a nearby mine that would later become an important source of lead for Virginia during the Revolutionary War) with the addition of an underground powder magazine to secure their stores. Later Revolutionary war accounts of proper blockhouses at Chiswell's nearby lead mines in Austinville, Virginia likely added to the confusion about a proper fortification at the Sayer's site. The 1976 Hazzard/McCartney dig report notes that a February 1761 letter from William Fleming to John Bullitt is the earliest reference to "Fort Chiswell" but the same letter also refers to the site as "their camp."</p><p><br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPR6IrIOChGFur6HQdPlE4kNv9v2zQ5bkUq_WF6oYcL_1H50_IaxGT7_l3D9dJO_cWlmHwNo_JeMdWrEzv6onysJFfNGLuhqXZVmAdnPJOR3izplRxMLLioeQskLzbAj2qyWH53Q_OdJsx/s750/fort+chiswell+dutch+sideplate+frag.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="636" data-original-width="750" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPR6IrIOChGFur6HQdPlE4kNv9v2zQ5bkUq_WF6oYcL_1H50_IaxGT7_l3D9dJO_cWlmHwNo_JeMdWrEzv6onysJFfNGLuhqXZVmAdnPJOR3izplRxMLLioeQskLzbAj2qyWH53Q_OdJsx/s320/fort+chiswell+dutch+sideplate+frag.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><i> </i><i> </i></div><div style="text-align: center;"><i>Brass Dutch musket sideplate fragment found near Fort Chiswell; courtesy, GM “Doc” Watson.</i></div><div style="text-align: center;"><i> </i></div><div style="text-align: center;"><i><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_NRwoNv4w5lxhBsUoLyBj0aNuy-W7lmHgQ6sYGcoNTdzukMIWofUzv_r8tnfDTn5M5-jfTXBXd6nazNQtUqF9rRyhu8p9IE1NV1kjL2caIl0S8UhxyWXnCG3K5GmXhO1I3CfGHLNQk0XM/s1600/DSCN0381.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1197" data-original-width="1600" height="239" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_NRwoNv4w5lxhBsUoLyBj0aNuy-W7lmHgQ6sYGcoNTdzukMIWofUzv_r8tnfDTn5M5-jfTXBXd6nazNQtUqF9rRyhu8p9IE1NV1kjL2caIl0S8UhxyWXnCG3K5GmXhO1I3CfGHLNQk0XM/s320/DSCN0381.JPG" width="320" /></a> <br /></i></div><div style="text-align: center;"><i>Brass Dutch musket sideplate. Private Collection. </i><br /></div><div><div><p>Negotiations with the Cherokees began and an agreement to cease hostilities until the following March were agreed to with the condition that the Virginia army did not press further towards the Cherokee towns. Provincials overwintered at the Sayer's/Ft. Chiswell site, and the campaign against the Cherokee upper towns began anew the next spring. The loss of crops, the lack of ammunition and casualties from the campaign began to take a heavy toll on the Cherokee who were heavily dependent on the now disrupted deerskin trade with South Carolina.<br /></p><p><br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzK_QyFCyAICvAyUoHXqc47huR4HZSCh4KeRRL4Ai2eLn38ewm6ie2dsvjL_AkOc-KDu_ls8BxSQClub3wbUzzreHXC0nNO5V1FFL2cXbfONd0h6u4fezY7GpRxMfBix_n-IixK7PsYrMe/s2048/Draught_of_the_Cherokee_Country.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2048" data-original-width="1259" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzK_QyFCyAICvAyUoHXqc47huR4HZSCh4KeRRL4Ai2eLn38ewm6ie2dsvjL_AkOc-KDu_ls8BxSQClub3wbUzzreHXC0nNO5V1FFL2cXbfONd0h6u4fezY7GpRxMfBix_n-IixK7PsYrMe/s320/Draught_of_the_Cherokee_Country.jpg" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><i> </i></div><div style="text-align: center;"><i>Virginia Provincial Officer Lt. Henry Timberlake's map of the Overhill Cherokee towns</i><br /></div></div><div><p> In South Carolina, Montgomery had been replaced by James Grant, who proceeded against the middle towns with an enlarged force of around 1400 regulars and about 500 South Carolina provincials; again engaging them near the Etcho pass in June and burning fifteen middle towns. Grant's victory drove many of the remaining warriors to the upper towns, which the significantly smaller Virginia Provincial force was supposed to assault from the North.</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbfHVeC6N-D0aH5fA3YPy5OjCkM1qHXszSP3JLb7MxhJa5rr7uaFcs3mwV4zoh6f8ipsu8TC101ycvYRvoT6vY3O9MS_2L0id8OeObuRrl2dgUTPMVZpgTp3Q3J0XFrB5opi3PmyADefTl/s798/NPG+4855%252863%2529.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="798" data-original-width="321" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbfHVeC6N-D0aH5fA3YPy5OjCkM1qHXszSP3JLb7MxhJa5rr7uaFcs3mwV4zoh6f8ipsu8TC101ycvYRvoT6vY3O9MS_2L0id8OeObuRrl2dgUTPMVZpgTp3Q3J0XFrB5opi3PmyADefTl/s320/NPG+4855%252863%2529.png" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><i> </i></div><div style="text-align: center;"><i>Militia soldier by George Townshend, 4th Viscount and 1st Marquess Townshend</i><br /><i>pen and ink, 1751-1758NPG 4855(63) © National Portrait Gallery, London</i><br /></div></div><div><p>Virginia troops again massed at Fort Chiswell, and then on to Stalnaker's plantation on the Holston river. By July 1761,<i> </i> Byrd reported that<i> "My whole force is only six hundred and seventy men fit for duty. Those I have employ'd since I came here in building a block-house, & throwing up an intrenchment round it, for the security of themselves & provision." </i>This fort at Stalnaker's was named after Attakullakulla and was near the modern town of <a href="https://www.hmdb.org/m.asp?m=45741">Chillhowie Virginia</a>, about 58 miles from the Great Island. Twenty years later visitor described this fortification as <i>"a kind of a wretched stockade." (A tour in the United States of America: containing an account of ..., Volume 1 By John Ferdinand Smyth Stuart).</i> <br /></p><p> </p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgaXvO0XpeUBkec1Vv2MtoQln7v44AaFvEM_lwzKMI_huEtJniTuLgM3A9uNoSZhSf2PVOfwHliBkBJS141ez9HP0mFu7l4wQNHDNoEF3B63crhF9974bVpMy5euAv6Xt1KQUdnYGgRKGKZ/s900/walkercabin+stalnaker+1755+mitchell+map.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="470" data-original-width="900" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgaXvO0XpeUBkec1Vv2MtoQln7v44AaFvEM_lwzKMI_huEtJniTuLgM3A9uNoSZhSf2PVOfwHliBkBJS141ez9HP0mFu7l4wQNHDNoEF3B63crhF9974bVpMy5euAv6Xt1KQUdnYGgRKGKZ/s320/walkercabin+stalnaker+1755+mitchell+map.png" width="320" /></a></div> <p></p><p style="text-align: center;"><i>Detail from the 1755 <a href="https://www.loc.gov/resource/g3300.ar003900/?r=0.265,0.37,0.169,0.087,0" target="_blank">Mitchell Map </a>showing the site of Stalnaker's cabin, the furthest western English settlement in Virginia, which was erected in 1750 with the help of <a href="https://www.tngenweb.org/tnland/squabble/walker.html" target="_blank">Dr. Thomas Walker</a>.</i><br /></p><p>By October the long awaited (and mostly unarmed) North Carolina provincials and a party of Tuscaroras arrive at Fort Chiswell. Around this time the Virginia Provincials had reached and fortified a position at the <a href="https://archives.roueche.org/archives/1704">Great Island (Kingsport, Tennessee)</a><i> </i>and have constructed a proper 120 foot log fort with four bastions, named <a href="http://ofsortsforprovincials.blogspot.com/2024/02/fort-robinson-on-holston.html">Fort Robinson</a>.<i> </i>By November a peace treaty was<i> </i>concluded.</p><p>Below is a rough timeline of events taken from<i>:</i></p><p><i>Amherst Papers, 1756-1763: The Southern Sector : Dispatches from South Carolina, Virginia, and His Majesty's Superintendent of Indian Affairs<br />Edith Mays, Ed. Heritage Books, 1999 </i></p><p><i><i><i>Correspondence of the Three William Byrds of Westover Virginia 1684-1776</i> Volume 2</i></i></p><p><i><i>The Official Papers of Francis Fauqier, Lieutenant Governor of Virginai 1758-1768, Vol. 1 <br /></i></i></p><p> <b>1760</b><br /><br />Feb 1, 1760 Cherokees kill settlers at Long Cane Massacre in SC<br /><br />February 16, 1760, a Cherokee war-party attacked Fort Prince George to free the hostages. <br />The British executed all hostages and repulsed the assault after Lt. Richard Coytmore was killed in an ambush while coming out to parlay with the Cherokees. <br /><br />Feb/March Fort 96 attacked in SC<br /><br />March 20 Fort Loudon garrison in Tenn attacked by Cherokees<br /><br />May 29 Byrd asked to be excused from Cherokee expedition<br /><br />June 23rd Byrd called down from Fort Bedford, PA to command (in a Sept 16th letter to Abercromby) says was mortified to be told to command “this ill-concerted expedition”<br /><br /><br />July 4, Byrd at Augusta CH/Staunton says everything deficient but provisions<br /><br />July 7 Fort Loudon (TN) garrison runs out of corn<br /><br />July 9 (in a Sept 16th letter to Abercromby) Byrd says levies/recruits complete but not armed or clothed.<br /><br />July 11 Byrd tells Gov and Council in a letter that he is at Bryan's and will need posts every 25 miles to the Big Island and a big fort should be built at Big Island. Asks what the <br />Ft Loudon (TN) relief plan is, should the garrison hold out until he arrives, is he to reinforce or withdraw/abandon it.<br /><br />July 18 Byrd at Camp on Roanoke to Monkton "2/3rds of the mob I command (I cannot call them nothing else) are new rais'd men, who at this moment are neither cloathed or armed..." <br />mentions Montgomery hit lower towns and only has 30 days provisions must want to raid Loudon and abandon if so.<br /><br />August 8 Fort Loudon surrenders<br /><br />August 25th Byrd's "musketts came up" (in a sept 16th letter to Abercromby) so his troops are now all armed<br /><br />August 27th Byrd marches towards Big Island<br /><br />Sept 3 Byrd crosses the New River, meets 4 starving men who escaped Ft Loudon on August 1 (in a Sept 16th letter to Abercromby)<br /><br />Sept 9 Maj. Andrew Lewis advanced party above Big Island encounters Little Carpenter with Cpt. Stewart, friendly Cherokees and small party of British survivors from Fort Loudon<br /><br />Sept 16th Byrd letter to Abercromby mentions above letter from Lewis<br /><br />Sept 17th Byrd proposes articles of peace delivered via Little Carpenter to Chota, demanding return of Ft Loudon and prisoners, offenders who attacked fort<br />pushes for Little Carpenter to be head man, asks Governor if this suits (copy sent by Amherst April 61)<br /><br />Sept 19th letter to Gov and Council at Sayer's (Ft Chiswell) the Sunday before Maj Lewis brought in Little Carpenter and Ft Loudon survivors<br /><br />Sept 24th Byrd asks Gov and Council if the regiment is to be completed (1000 men) and what is to be done over the winter<br /><br />Nov 3 letter to Gov and Council from Byrd at Sayer's saying Little Carpenter returned on Saturday with 32 more Cherokees and gave up 10 more prisoners from Ft Loudon, promise to end hostilities<br />until March when they will meet on his terms if Virginians advance no further on the expedition towards Cherokee towns. Byrd is waiting on Indian presents for them, Byrd will station troops in order to protect frontier<br /><br />Nov 22 Byrd at Bryan's has discharged and paid new levies, is about to go to Winchester, wants to go to NY for business that winter<br /><br />Dec 3, Byrd is at Winchester will be in Williamsburg for next assembly session, "is sorry he has given so little satisfaction in his command, and therefor resigns his commission."<br /><br /><b>1761</b><br /><br />April 28, 1761 LT Gov Fauquier orders Byrd to proceed to Stalnacker's "to erect a small log-house fort for the security of provisions, ammunition & etc. and from thence to advance<br /> with as many picked men to the Big Island...there wait for from Major General Amherst...conduct the intended expedition into the Cherokee upper towns.<br /><br /><br />June 6: 145 men at Fort Chiswell based on Byrd's return, bulk of forces in Staunton<br /><br /><br />June 30 1761 651 men at Fort Chiswell under Byrd<br /><br />July 1, 1761 Byrd at Camp at Fort Chiswell (letter to Amherst) "this our most advanced post"<br /><br />July 7 Robert Stewart writes George Washington from "Camp before Fort Chiswell" that they arrived last week at "this our most advanc'd post" Major Lewis and 3 companies advanced from camp to open road to the Holston, other companies to follow and no sign of NC Troops<br /><br />July 9 1761 Byrd is at Fort Chiswell writing to Moncton saying he doesn't have enough men<br /><br />July 16 2 Runners from Little Carpenter arrive at Stalnakers (Stewart to GW 20 july 1761)<br /><br />July 17th Little carpenter arrives at Stalnakers with 42 other Cherokees 1/4 mile off of advanced sentries to talk to Byrd. (Stewart to GW 20 july 1761)<br /><br />July 19 Byrd arrives at Stalnaker's Plantation<br /><br />July 20 1761 Robert Stewart writes that a post is to be built at his location at Stalnaker's plantation, still no NC troops, over 100 men sick with fevers<br /><br />July 31 45 men left at Chiswell 24 sick<br /><br />August 1 Byrd's letter to Amherst says he arrived at Stalnakers on July 19th, doesn't have enough men to do 200 miles, Grant did little with more and retired<br />says "My whole force is only six hundred and seventy men fit for duty. Those I have employ'd since I came here in buildign a block-house, <br />& throwing up an intrenchment round it, for the security of themselves & provision..." says 200 miles more road to build, Cherokees are coming in suing for peace, <br />he resigns, appoints Stephen.<br /><br /><br />August 26th NC provincials have reached Salisbury, NC on the way up with 374 Men & 52 Indians, "that he had not above 50 Stands of Arms for the Whole" <br /><br />Sept 7 1761 <a href="https://amhistory.si.edu/militaryhistory/collection/object.asp?ID=808" target="_blank">Adam Stephen</a> is at Ft Chiswell in command<br /><br />Sept 12 troops under Adam Stephen finish fort at Stalnakers (Stephen to Amherst oct 5) he marches to the Holston, gets letter from "obstinate" Cherokee <br /><br />October 8, 1761 AS reports NC Troops under Waddell reached Fort Chiswell <br /> 3. Adam Stephen wrote Governor Fauquier on 8 Oct. that Hugh Waddell (c.1734–1773), colonel of the North Carolina forces, had arrived at Fort Chiswell with about three hundred men and a number of Tuscarora Indians (Exec. Journals of the Virginia Council, 6:199).<br /><br />October 9 1761 90 men at Fort Chiswell, bulk of troops at Great Island<br /><br />October 24th AS @ Great Island: "I have erected a square redoubt of hewed logs on a piece of very strong ground on the banks of the river, with four bastions, the exterior 120 feet. I have done this from the just sense<br />I have of the great advantage of it will be to have a post maintained here, either by the King or Colony. It is the only advanced betwen Pittsburg & Ft. Prince George, commands<br />a large river navigable to the Missippi & not only awes the Cherokees, but several other numerous tribes of Indians.<br /><br />Nov 19 treaty agreement with Cherokees<br /><br />Nov 28 1761 Adam Stephen return of troops at great Island <br /> 744 Virginia Regiment 408 North Carolina [including 52 Tuscarora Indians] 1152 total<br /><br /> Timberlake agrees to go to Cherokee towns as hostage<br /><br />December 20 1761 4 Barrels of Powder, 200 weight of barr lead and 150 quires of cartridge paper are at Ft Chiswell with 17,899 lbs of flour, 300lbs beef and 8 bags of salt<br /><br /><br />December 25 1761 Northern allied Indians skirmish with Cherokees Col. Stephen to Col. Henry Bouquet (Fort Chiswell, Jan. 7, 1762)<br /><br />Stephen, Adam in: B. M., Add. MSS.,<br />21648, f. 1, A. L. S., and in Stevens,<br />et all., The Papers of Col. Henry<br />Bouquet, Series 21648,<br />part I, pp. 1-2.<br /><br />p. 1.<br /><br />(page 1)<br /><br />About Seventy Northern Indians, Set Some Cherokees a Scampering on Christmas day last; but let one fellow slip through their fingers after they had taken him.<br /> They behaved themselves extreamly well to our People, but conducted themselves, very indifferently as Warriors, they had Opportunity to give the Cherokees a Severe Blow.<br /> They very readily produced there pass on all Occasions, Signed At Pittsburg Ocr 27. George Croghan.<br /><br />1762<br />March Timberlake at Fort Attakullakulla<br />April Timberlake at Wmsburg with Cherokee delegation<br />May Timberlake takes Cherokees to London<br /><br />1763 March Timberlake returns to Va<br /><br />1764 fall Timberlake takes Cherokees to London<br />1765 September Timberlake dies<br /><br /><br />--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------<br /><br />Byrd papers V2 note p727<br /><br />Bryan's to <a href="https://ofsortsforprovincials.blogspot.com/2014/12/bearded-people-dunkards-in-new-river.html" target="_blank">Dunkard Bottom</a> [Pulaski Virginia] 40 miles<br />thence to Sayer's Mill (aka Reedy Creek aka Ft Chiswell aka Modern Wytheville) 24<br />Thence to Davis' 26<br />thence to Stahlnaker's 25 [Marion Va/<a href="https://www.hmdb.org/m.asp?m=45741">Chillhowie</a> Fort Attakullakulla]<br />thence to the halfway spring 25<br />thence to the Big Island 25 [Kingsport TN <a href="https://archives.roueche.org/archives/1704">Fort Robinson</a>/Chiswell's son in law, financial scandal fort abandoned in 62 later fortified as fort Patrick Henry in 76]<br /><br />[total] 165<br />From the Big Island to Chotee 130<br /><br />[grand total ] 295 miles<br /></p><p><br /></p></div></div></div>Jimhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07469147287637455019noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7471550270150187285.post-82067611993034773682020-10-22T14:58:00.004-07:002020-10-22T15:00:08.929-07:00Virtual event: Understanding the Firearms of April 19,1775 10/28/2020 6pm EST<p> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2OFJ92DfwrfAAn02GHsdg3LVPeoaZ8I8-h5Nl83OepwAQav9Vg7KnDN6h292WVwh2fByxya7Z3qdNDye5kUipAR-9LLAucncxAWxTsN9qQD6ILl1rhP0DRnCMuMsZko_4GaJ1xcfxbMHm/s994/bohy.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="994" data-original-width="750" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2OFJ92DfwrfAAn02GHsdg3LVPeoaZ8I8-h5Nl83OepwAQav9Vg7KnDN6h292WVwh2fByxya7Z3qdNDye5kUipAR-9LLAucncxAWxTsN9qQD6ILl1rhP0DRnCMuMsZko_4GaJ1xcfxbMHm/s320/bohy.png" /></a></div><br /><p></p><p><i> </i></p><h4 class="page-title" style="text-align: center;">Cummings Davis Society Event: Muskets of the American Revolution</h4><span class="single-exhibition-date">October 28, 2020 6:00 PM — 7:00 PM</span><p><i> </i></p><p><i>Learn all about the muskets of the Concord Museum’s collection that
were fired on the North Bridge on April 19, 1775 streamed from the Lisa
H. Foote History Learning Center. Experts <a href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/roadshow/appraisers/joel-bohy/" target="_blank">Joel Bohy</a>, of Bruneau & Co., and the Concord Museum’s Curator, David Wood,
explore the objects that played a part in the events of the fateful
day. In this unique setting, participants will experience historic
objects like they never have before.</i></p><i>
</i><p><i>This program is an event of the Cummings Davis Society, which helps
support acquisitions and preservation of the Museum’s distinguished
collection for future generations. All are welcome!</i></p><i>
</i><p><i>Please note that this program is virtual. Participants will be
emailed a link to watch the program live on Wednesday, October 28.</i></p><p><i> </i></p><p style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://concordmuseum.org/events/cummings-davis-society-event-muskets-of-the-american-revolution-2/?utm_source=Concord+Museum+&utm_campaign=Concord&utm_medium=email" target="_blank"><b>Register HERE </b></a><i><br /></i></p>Jimhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07469147287637455019noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7471550270150187285.post-40758297558669011282020-06-08T10:44:00.001-07:002020-07-22T16:21:04.747-07:00"Those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it."<div style="text-align: center;">
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<b>"Those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it."<i><b>– George Santayana</b></i></b></div>
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<i>The War Horse, Tessa Pullen, 1997 <a href="https://www.richmond.com/news/local/war-horse-statue-controversy-1-700-sign-petition-asking-richmond-museum-to-move-horse-statue/article_3061bb6a-ce75-5f6c-9979-0967735c56f4.html" target="_blank">Richmond Virginia</a>.</i></div>
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Historical events are immutable; however our understanding of them, their context, implications and the motivations of the participants can change over time and through scrutiny. Destroying historical artifacts, manuscripts, and books does a great disservice to future generations and all of mankind. </div>
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<b>Erasing the evidence of injustice obliterates the opportunity to learn from it in the future.</b></div>
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America is certainly not perfect. Perfection is, in my opinion, non-existent where humanity is involved; but America IS exceptional and <b>it is imperative that future generations have the opportunity to learn from American history, including the good, bad and indifferent. </b><b> </b></div>
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<i><span data-reactid="215"><span data-reactid="274">Graffiti being removed from the <a href="https://www.wbur.org/artery/2020/06/03/16-statues-memorials-damaged" target="_blank">Robert Gould Shaw & 54th Massachusetts Regiment Memorial</a>, Boston Massachusetts.</span></span></i></div>
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In the same vein, art does not necessarily have to be pleasing or comfortable to the viewer, and it is a horribly selfish act to destroy art to suit one's own agenda, whether it be photographs by Mapplethorpe or a 19th century bronze statue in Richmond's Monroe park.</div>
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<b><i><b><i><b><br /></b></i> </b></i></b></div>
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If your "peaceful protests against fascism"<b><i><b><i><b> </b></i></b></i></b><i><b><i><b></b></i></b><i></i></i>involve vandalizing property, burning books, destroying art, and historic artifacts, I hate to break it to you but you have become what you say you are against.<b><i></i><b><i><b><i><b> </b></i></b></i></b></b><b><i><b><i><b></b></i></b></i></b><i><i></i></i><i><i></i></i><i><i></i></i>Instead of inflicting your <i>Kulturkampf</i> on others through violence, why not choose to be a positive addition to your community?<br />
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Updated June 14, 2020</div>
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<b><i><b>"</b></i></b><b><i><b><span class="ILfuVd"><span class="e24Kjd">Once is happenstance. Twice is coincidence. The third <b>time</b> it's <b>enemy action</b>." Ian Fleming</span></span></b></i></b></div>
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<i><span class="ILfuVd"><span class="e24Kjd">The <a href="https://news.yahoo.com/park-volunteer-outraged-over-vandalism-162539906.html" target="_blank">defaced statue</a> of abolitionist <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthias_W._Baldwin">Mathias Baldwin</a>, Philadelphia.</span></span></i></div>
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<i><span class="ILfuVd"><span class="e24Kjd">Tomb Of The Unknown Soldier Of The American Revolution </span></span></i></div>
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<i><span class="ILfuVd"><span class="e24Kjd"><a href="https://philadelphia.cbslocal.com/2020/06/12/tomb-of-the-unknown-soldier-of-the-american-revolution-vandalized-in-philadelphias-washington-square/" target="_blank">Vandalized In Philadelphia’s Washington Square </a></span></span></i></div>
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<span class="ILfuVd"><span class="e24Kjd"><span class="ILfuVd"><span class="e24Kjd">At this point, </span></span><span class="ILfuVd"><span class="e24Kjd">it is a great idea to look at historical patterns, </span></span>and to realize that it appears that the well meaning protests have been co-opted by an attempted <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" target="_blank">Cultural Revolution</a>. </span></span><br />
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<span class="ILfuVd"><span class="e24Kjd"> </span></span><span class="st"><span class="f"></span>"<i>Ever</i> get the <i>feeling you</i>'<i>ve been cheated</i>?"</span></div>
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<span class="ILfuVd"><span class="e24Kjd"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4RmvOv_jzC1buFA1jf37SESCtrZ7D2fVrDgjg0JNy_Ef7A2CIdmfhjpB25QMcVvTdqCFiT9aZ8gsl3ZCdKR7BOlghK3vbhKaQtHL34S9HoQKhs_Kmr_8NRgwgOQns94eBW5jfdDpdMCCt/s1600/PaineAmericanCrisis.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="634" data-original-width="398" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4RmvOv_jzC1buFA1jf37SESCtrZ7D2fVrDgjg0JNy_Ef7A2CIdmfhjpB25QMcVvTdqCFiT9aZ8gsl3ZCdKR7BOlghK3vbhKaQtHL34S9HoQKhs_Kmr_8NRgwgOQns94eBW5jfdDpdMCCt/s320/PaineAmericanCrisis.jpg" width="200" /></a></span></span></div>
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<i><span class="ILfuVd"><span class="e24Kjd">THESE are the times that try men's souls. The summer soldier and the
sunshine patriot will, in this crisis, shrink from the service of their
country; but he that stands by it now, deserves the love and thanks of
man and woman. Tyranny, like hell, is not easily conquered; yet we have
this consolation with us, that the harder the conflict, the more
glorious the triumph. What we obtain too cheap, we esteem too lightly:
it is dearness only that gives every thing its value. Heaven knows how
to put a proper price upon its goods; and it would be strange indeed if
so celestial an article as FREEDOM should not be highly rated... [The American Crisis, by Tomas Paine, 1776]</span></span></i><br />
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Updated June 24, 2020</div>
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Woke "protestors" have now destroyed two "offensive" statues in <a href="https://wxow.com/2020/06/23/protesters-pull-down-forward-statue-outside-state-capitol/">Wisconsin</a>. I suppose they may have been too patriotic for the mob.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijGx-t0DANxKFtMLA2zhTlIRZRgqYypIYQJGb8h9JyNSnlzEcnvzYlHwhSHqphMPbz0MsiWeKo500iBKhzeJgydO4Y3JOFCsSiaW2HeFjZfGU99GKCYFNH1hNmjgL4kesy-Pv_OjclCkdO/s1600/heg.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="510" data-original-width="680" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijGx-t0DANxKFtMLA2zhTlIRZRgqYypIYQJGb8h9JyNSnlzEcnvzYlHwhSHqphMPbz0MsiWeKo500iBKhzeJgydO4Y3JOFCsSiaW2HeFjZfGU99GKCYFNH1hNmjgL4kesy-Pv_OjclCkdO/s320/heg.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<i>Decapitated statue of<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Christian_Heg"> Hans Christian Heg</a>, a Norwegian immigrant, anti slavery politician, and Union Infantry officer who died of his wounds at the Battle of Chickamauga.</i></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNAWvPQqddRY2Z8P4FZkq6FVlG-qEPfOvmWa7_9Rahh08x8a58zG1C9I0z59DwZwcA5q-gR7tUx82aUkdy_vJsxExgxSQeCSs5b4o1cehXFv-6quDexhLddBGL6zMTYNMwcAsdonUIrfHz/s1600/forward.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="510" data-original-width="680" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNAWvPQqddRY2Z8P4FZkq6FVlG-qEPfOvmWa7_9Rahh08x8a58zG1C9I0z59DwZwcA5q-gR7tUx82aUkdy_vJsxExgxSQeCSs5b4o1cehXFv-6quDexhLddBGL6zMTYNMwcAsdonUIrfHz/s320/forward.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<i><a href="https://www.wisconsinhistory.org/Records/Article/CS2752">"Forward"</a> statue, by Jean Pond Miner, a 1996 bronze copy of the 1893 copper original. </i><br />
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Jean Pond Miner <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Pond_Miner_Coburn">Wikipedia link</a>: During the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World%27s_Columbian_Exposition" title="World's Columbian Exposition">World's Columbian Exposition</a> in 1893 Miner, along with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen_Farnsworth_Mears" title="Helen Farnsworth Mears">Helen Farnsworth Mears</a>, was named an artist-in-residence in the Wisconsin Building and at that time produced <i>Forward</i>, a state that was "a symbol of the suffrage movement". The work was cast in bronze by the "women of Wisconsin..." </div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhoyfwDaa1E3SQhy1MrlOtETsIT0Jq1Ry_8dWv7nXzotLOlWbY7W9iltkZZ8jvWUK2Va_rsW06Ajv-J1ZvoM-hKq5bgCdbSYLzEs66v14rLzWN2aedY6xFBl_gp75IAqUZhu6GO_LkF-OgQ/s1600/jean+pond+miner.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="640" data-original-width="387" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhoyfwDaa1E3SQhy1MrlOtETsIT0Jq1Ry_8dWv7nXzotLOlWbY7W9iltkZZ8jvWUK2Va_rsW06Ajv-J1ZvoM-hKq5bgCdbSYLzEs66v14rLzWN2aedY6xFBl_gp75IAqUZhu6GO_LkF-OgQ/s320/jean+pond+miner.png" width="193" /></a></div>
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<i>Jean Pond Miner working on "Forward", 1893</i><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhArBB67cjwt9gUecaqz8SOAH_sFkFvQquQHlipEPQDSnrMhn3gdtvydbvhrGAOj1QpTyeiecGnSExhK3_icmcTN4yPW6h1lA-5Qs-jUabXCPo8kG_s6hJHTD-_ZsMLxZ97afamf43ugG6L/s1600/marx.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="636" data-original-width="823" height="247" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhArBB67cjwt9gUecaqz8SOAH_sFkFvQquQHlipEPQDSnrMhn3gdtvydbvhrGAOj1QpTyeiecGnSExhK3_icmcTN4yPW6h1lA-5Qs-jUabXCPo8kG_s6hJHTD-_ZsMLxZ97afamf43ugG6L/s320/marx.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<i><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AhAzGLb1j40">Yuri Bezmenov: Deception Was My Job </a></i><br />
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<i>A running tally can be<a href="https://thefederalist.com/2020/07/22/list-of-183-monuments-ruined-since-protests-began-and-counting/"> found here at the Federalist.</a></i></div>
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Jimhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07469147287637455019noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7471550270150187285.post-41714684590484776822020-05-19T14:06:00.005-07:002023-04-18T08:02:18.191-07:00Late Revolutionary war Virginia Militia cartridge box issuance<div style="text-align: center;">
<b>Cartouche Boxes </b></div>
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In the opening stages of the American Revolution, many Virginians in Militia companies, or the new Continental regiments were armed with older
"Cartouch" or Cartridge boxes (frequently called "belly" boxes in
modern parlance) that belted around the waist, and/or shot bags and
horns. Many arms shipments from England in the past had included these
cartouch boxes with bayonets as part of a complete "stand of arms." Around 1,200 cartouch boxes were inventoried in the Williamsburg Powder Magazine in 1775 and helped supply the fledgling Virginia Continental Regiments (Journals of the House of Burgesses of Virginia 1773-1776, Volume 13, Pages 223-4.) These boxes were light and economical. A thin leather flap was nailed over a painted wooden box. Belt loops were nailed to the front of the wooden block. As defined in <i>The
Gentleman's Compleat Military Dictionary </i>(1759):<br />
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<i>CARTRIDGE-BOX</i> <i>is a Case of Wood, or turn'd Iron covered with Leather
</i><i>, holding a dozen Musquet Cartridges; it is wore upon a
Belt, and hangs a little higher than the right Pocket-Hole.</i></div>
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<i>[Cartridge]
POUCH; a Grenadier's Pouch, is a square Case or Bag of Leather, with
a Flap over it, hanging in a Strap of about two Inches broad, over
the left Shoulder...</i></div>
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Although the British
generally differentiate the two by using the terms box [belly] or pouch
[shoulder] , American soldiers were not always as unambiguous, such as <a href="http://www.revwarapps.org/VAS1258.pdf" target="_blank">James Johnston</a>, who testified that " my Cartridge box was
never of [off] my neck" </div>
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<a href="http://www.historicalimagebank.com/gallery/d/1758-3/RWq13ds_British_Cartridgebox_and_belt_copy.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="231" src="http://www.historicalimagebank.com/gallery/d/1758-3/RWq13ds_British_Cartridgebox_and_belt_copy.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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British issue "Belly" Cartouch box from <a href="http://www.historicalimagebank.com/gallery/v/album02/album21/album45/RWq13ds_British_Cartridgebox_and_belt_copy.jpg.html" target="_blank">historical image bank</a></div>
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Wartime shortages caused Adjutant General and soon to be Quartermaster General, Timothy Pickering to suggest to Governor Jefferson that Virginia substitute waist boxes of this type instead of shoulder pouches in 1780.<br />
<a href="https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Jefferson/01-03-02-0556" target="_blank">To Thomas Jefferson from Timothy Pickering, 3 July 1780</a><br />
War-Office July 3d. 1780<br />
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<i>"Sir</i><br />
<i>We did ourselves the honour of writing to your Excellency on the 20th ulto. when we expected to be able to send you 2000 cartridge boxes: but we have been disappointed; and Major Peirce has received at present but between six and seven hundred: nor, are we certain how soon the rest can be furnished. But as the whole number will be incompetent to the demands of your state, we beg leave to suggest to your Excellency the expediency of getting a quantity made in Virginia; <b>and as the time is pressing, a slighter kind may be provided.</b> The British have for several years past furnished their new levies with cartridge boxes made of close wood (as maple or beech) with no other covering than a good leathern flap nailed at the back near the upper edge, and of sufficient breadth to cover the top and whole front of the box: they are fixed to the body by a waist belt which passes thro’ two straps that are nailed to the front of the box. <b>Cartouch boxes of this kind will answer very well, and may be made at small expence and with great dispatch."</b></i><br />
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<b>Soft Pouches</b></div><p>
Shoulder slung pouches seemed to have been preferred, and they offered quite a bit more protection than the waist belt boxes that had only a single leather flap . A
variety of forms, materials and capacities are noted (some holding 19
rounds, others 24 and etc.) but many featured a bag with a leather flap and shoulder straps nailed to the back of the wooden block from the exterior. </p><p><br />
</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZhAbMk67G4Hpcb06CtJqVzRbsUxGWZwA63M3PtFpkGeSAPbb5sdglHCvGeI0F1GaXgccHxdSsidbWGR08qPwVxSU8hHvxNitn7zOiUbQYsMUwAQ0i6TjEDTtf3UajMNHlPDUi8M56tApFfBGLPD4mYWtaed8m50whkdMeXCpt9bBzdZtnIGFs9W0i9A/s2495/23%20hole%20sabbath%20day%20point%20pouch%20neumann%20collectors%20illustrated%20(2).jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1723" data-original-width="2495" height="221" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZhAbMk67G4Hpcb06CtJqVzRbsUxGWZwA63M3PtFpkGeSAPbb5sdglHCvGeI0F1GaXgccHxdSsidbWGR08qPwVxSU8hHvxNitn7zOiUbQYsMUwAQ0i6TjEDTtf3UajMNHlPDUi8M56tApFfBGLPD4mYWtaed8m50whkdMeXCpt9bBzdZtnIGFs9W0i9A/s320/23%20hole%20sabbath%20day%20point%20pouch%20neumann%20collectors%20illustrated%20(2).jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"> </div><div style="text-align: center;"><i>Fragmentary 23 hole pouch from Neumann's Collector's Illustrated Encyclopedia</i><br /></div><div><br /><p>
A <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=a_5ZDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA52&lpg=PA52&dq=muter+3000+cartridge+boxes+virginia&source=bl&ots=NrlEWR3Hk4&sig=ACfU3U1rTz_XDrhgFuG2OYBNifjPQ5hOFA&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj_g4_Ej8HpAhVRhXIEHdBkAxIQ6AEwC3oECAoQAQ#v=onepage&q=cartridge%20boxes%20&f=false" target="_blank">proposed </a>"<i>Contract
for 3000 Cartridge boxes, to hold 23 rounds, with a bag, a large strong
flap to cover the bag and box, and a buff belt with a buckle."</i> was
offered by the State of Virginia to harness maker Edward Simpson of Fredericksburg. Associated correspondence indicates that Simpson initially made and delivered to the Quartermaster at
least two hundred boxes by March of 1781; with the balance due at the end of May. By December he had produced less than half of the 3,200 in the contract as the state of Virginia could only provide him with half of the funds agreed upon to procure the necessary materials. Hyper inflation further limited the purchasing power of the limited amount he did receive. Since the state had cartridge boxes in the amount of "3600 which we have in Store" as well as the British accoutrements newly "taken at York" his obligation was amended to Simpson's suggested 1,200 total by the Governor's Council on December 19th, 1781 (Record Group 8, Executive Papers, Governor Benjamin Harrison, 1781-1784, Accession 44660 Library of Virginia). Incidentally, <a href="https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=6&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwi28Zaim8HpAhUWgnIEHR6TCd0QFjAFegQIBhAB&url=https%3A%2F%2Frevwarapps.org%2Fs16734.pdf&usg=AOvVaw30iqBu3eytZkiZNtd6wnxF" target="_blank">George Connolly's oddly specific pension application</a> states that prior to being wounded by gunshots at the battle of Petersburg in 1781 <i>"after firing 23 rounds himself." </i>It is interesting to note that the pouches and <a href="https://ofsortsforprovincials.blogspot.com/2023/04/to-james-young-for-3-hundred-napsacks.html">"New Invented Napsack and haversack in one"</a> offered for sale to Maryland by a contractor named "J.Young" in 1776 were described as "<i>Best cartouch boxes, for 23 rounds, with a pouch, large flap, and Shoulder Belt - @8/6."</i><br />
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<b>Tin Canisters</b></div>
Tin Cartridge boxes or <a href="https://allthingsliberty.com/2015/03/tin-canisters/" target="_blank">Canisters, were used in the Continental army</a> as a substitute for leather cartridge boxes. At times, these canisters were misused. In 1777, Lieutenant <i>"Rains
of the 15th. Virga. charg'd with sending a Soldier (William Bluford) to
bring water in a tin Cartouch box, found not guilty by the unanimous
opinion of the Court." (<a href="https://books.google.com/books/about/Valley_Forge_Orderly_Book_of_General_Geo.html?id=_EkSAAAAYAAJ" target="_blank">Valley Forge orderly book of General George Weedon</a> of the Continental Army ...).</i><br />
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<i>"An original canister. Photo courtesy Paul Ackermann, Conservator, United States Military Academy." from <a href="https://allthingsliberty.com/2015/03/tin-canisters/" target="_blank">The Complete Continental Cartridge Cannister Chronicles by Michael Barbieri</a> </i></div>
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<i> </i>On the 16th of November, in 1779, the <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Wf5ZDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA193&lpg=PA193&dq=they+approve+of+having+tin+Cartridge+Boxes+made+as+proposed+by+the+board+of+War&source=bl&ots=Hel1Oy347v&sig=ACfU3U0A9c9ZlQLI74AyyPJCcyQPpABfwg&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjf8bvwisHpAhV9hXIEHSBPBUMQ6AEwAHoECAQQAQ#v=onepage&q=tin&f=false" target="_blank">Virginia Board of War meeting in Williamsburg directed</a><i> "... that to supply the want of leather Cartridge boxes, of which there is a great scantiness, <b>two thousand tin boxes such as are used in the Continental Army by Light Infantry be immediately made</b>, that recommendations be immmediatley sent out to county Lieutenants to have the arms and military stores in their possession, put into the best order..." </i>Jefferson, Madison, and the Executive Council noted <a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=3WvWe7j9EaYC&pg=PA115&dq=thomas+jefferson+%2B+tin+cartridge+box&hl=en&ei=uYyYTrmDJ6PhsQKm5PS4BA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CEQQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=tin&f=false" target="_blank">three days later that </a><i> "....they approve of having tin Cartridge Boxes made as proposed by the board of War..." </i><br />
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A substantial number of Canisters show up in returns from Capt. Charles Russell, Assistant Deputy Quarter Master for Virginia:<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3TUsgxLiatZ8faWPt-rR0_DZRG6Z-xZCRIathV7AyGM14-gnzvWlN1wjxl4OXCkJ7bUkGTAD6iD-41SyL3UZMQVzFAJg3sl04jhOIPxQBxoXlLNoxhdSBwV1Q_qBwnJ67te7ZVGGXnvjL/s1600/boyds+ferry+va+feb+1781+vol+108+cpt+charles+russell+return+tin+cannisters+det.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="304" data-original-width="1016" height="95" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3TUsgxLiatZ8faWPt-rR0_DZRG6Z-xZCRIathV7AyGM14-gnzvWlN1wjxl4OXCkJ7bUkGTAD6iD-41SyL3UZMQVzFAJg3sl04jhOIPxQBxoXlLNoxhdSBwV1Q_qBwnJ67te7ZVGGXnvjL/s320/boyds+ferry+va+feb+1781+vol+108+cpt+charles+russell+return+tin+cannisters+det.png" width="320" /></a></div>
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<i>112 "Tin Cannisters" February 1781; Boyd's Ferry Virginia </i></div>
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<i>"Muskets-220, Bayonets-70, Ditto Slings-400, Cartg Boxes-69, Gun Flints-5640, pounds lead-2368, Pickers & Brushes-400, <b>Tin Cannisters-112</b>, <b>ditto Slings</b> -190, Fifes-20, Drums-6, Pair Drum Sticks-32, Oil Bottles-7..." (Summary Account of Articles purchased, Received and of the Issues and Deliveries therof under the direction of Capt. Charles Russell DQM for the district of Boyd Ferry from the first day Feb till the last day 1781 Inclusive, National Archives: Roll 30, Target 1,Volume 108).</i><br />
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Further information on these tin canisters or cartridge boxes has remained scanty, but the <a href="https://books.google.com/books?q=tin&id=vwIRAQAAMAAJ&output=text#v=snippet&q=tin&f=false" target="_blank">quote below </a>implies that two hundred were issued in May, 1781:<br />
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<i>Mr. W. Porter, C.M. Stores<br />Chesterfield Court-House, Va. May 5, 1781<br />Sir:- You will take under your charge five wagons, containing 400 stand of arms, complete with bayonets, &c. 200 leather cartridges, <b>two hundred tin canisters</b>, and two thousand flints, and you will proceed immediately to Suffolk. Immediately on your arrival, you will acquaint General Muhlenburgh of it. You will not by any means deliver any of the above articles without General Muhlenburgh's particular order."</i><br />
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<b>"New Construction" Boxes</b><br />
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<a href="http://www.historicalimagebank.com/gallery/d/17981-2/RWq11ds-+New+Model+Cartridgebox+copy.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="http://www.historicalimagebank.com/gallery/d/17981-2/RWq11ds-+New+Model+Cartridgebox+copy.jpg" width="229" /></a></div>
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<i>"New Construction" box from <a href="http://www.historicalimagebank.com/gallery/v/album02/album21/album45/RWq11ds-+New+Model+Cartridgebox+copy.jpg.html" target="_blank">historical image bank</a></i></div>
<br />
By 1779 some Continental soldiers were receiving 29 hole "<a href="http://www.najecki.com/repro/pouches/NCCB.html" target="_blank">new construction</a>"
boxes that mimicked the higher quality British issued pouches and provided a much greater amount of protection for the ammunition.These boxes were among the highest quality accoutrements being produced by Continental artificers for the infantry.<br />
<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1_GGhdBUxEt0gogqMZvM1HPcOwX6WYEyqfiu2hrLnckbq31KALXqsHE4umrSRgpJ20Jdcazm9-rzFeFu-GNpZf2LiBbNF2mwEDUM61CvDo2ooBmCsPGbBSHTD8WHlhdjPmvZUT8LDEs2g/s1600/woodford+brigade+new+construction+boxes+june+18+1779+det+copy.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="642" data-original-width="1043" height="196" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1_GGhdBUxEt0gogqMZvM1HPcOwX6WYEyqfiu2hrLnckbq31KALXqsHE4umrSRgpJ20Jdcazm9-rzFeFu-GNpZf2LiBbNF2mwEDUM61CvDo2ooBmCsPGbBSHTD8WHlhdjPmvZUT8LDEs2g/s320/woodford+brigade+new+construction+boxes+june+18+1779+det+copy.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<i>Receipt for </i><i><i>"N. Const.d C Boxes" belonging to </i>Woodford's Brigade of Virginia Continentals on June 18th, 1779. (</i><i>Volume 130 Journal of
Military Stores Delivered and Received Aug 9, 1778-Feb 18, 1780 NA
606471).</i></div>
<br />
The Virginia Continentals of Woodford's Brigade appear to have been first
issued a small number of "New Construction"
Cartridge boxes on June 18th, 1779. Other units such as the 2nd Pennsylvania Brigade received them much earlier on
January 8th of the same year; at a time when Woodford's Brigade was still being issued
tin and damaged old construction leather boxes. Muhlenburg's
Brigade of Virginians received 192 "New" Cartridge boxes on August 7th,
1779, likely of the "New Construction" pattern. <br />
<br />
Some new construction boxes may have been delivered to the state of Virginia from Continental stores as implied by Col. Febiger when he <a href="https://books.google.com/books?newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&id=dAooAQAAMAAJ&dq=the+300+cartouch+boxes%2C+that+I+informed+you+I+understood+were+on+the+road+coming+from+Virginia%2C+are+just+come+in.+I+have+received+them+and+can+assure&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=old+construction" target="_blank">complained</a> that the cartridge boxes the Virginia recruits he was organizing received substandard boxes- "many of the old construction" in 1781.<br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b>Domestic Production</b></div><p>
<br />
Thomas Jefferson's 1781<a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PwN_HzipvjgC&pg=PA142&lpg=PA142&dq=cartouche+box+with+a+leather+Flap,+a+wooden+canteen+with+its+strap+and+a+knapsack+of+thick+linen&source=bl&ots=P1mMnTpNYy&sig=ACfU3U2O1UN2FSn9bLO7IO_RPsqyzu_zGg&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjKyN6Ct8DpAhXNmXIEHdgBAbcQ6AEwCnoECAwQAQ#v=onepage&q=cartouche%20box%20with%20a%20leather%20Flap%2C%20a%20wooden%20canteen%20with%20its%20strap%20and%20a%20knapsack%20of%20thick%20linen&f=false" target="_blank"> Circular-Letter to the County Lieutenants of Virginia</a> pleaded that:<br />
<br />
<i>"...every man who has or can procure a Gun have it instantly put into the best order a Bayonet fitted to it, a Bayonet belt, Cartouche Box, Canteen with its strap, Tomahawk, Blanket and knapsack. Some of these articles are necessary for his own safety and some for his Health & Comfort. The constant exhausture of the Public Stock of these Articles by calls from all Quarters renders it vain for the Militia to expect to be supplied from thence when they come into the Field, and nothing is so</i><br />
<i>easy as for every man to have them prepared while quiet and at Home. The cartouche box with a leathern Flap, a wooden canteen with its strap and a knapsack of thick linen (the better if plaid [possibly painted]) are what may be had in any man's family and there are few neighborhoods which do not afford artificers equal to the repair of a Fireloack and furnishing it with a Bayonet..."</i><br />
<br />
In his <a href="https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwjhoYHP78DpAhVMlnIEHWmHBsIQFjAAegQIAhAB&url=http%3A%2F%2Frevwarapps.org%2Fr40.pdf&usg=AOvVaw3mNDTPhx-WRsn2UxcYPq-L" target="_blank">deposition on the naval service of Northern neck resident Robert Hall</a>, John Neal "recollects the fact of his father making cartouch boxes for the men, & his mother melting up <a href="http://ofsortsforprovincials.blogspot.com/2013/06/pewter-basins.html" target="_blank">pewter basins</a> into musket balls."<br />
</p><p style="text-align: center;"><b>Maryland Purchase <br /></b></p><p>In 1780/81, approximately 2,000 cartridge boxes of an unknown type were procured from<i> "A Mr. Patoun of Baltimore."</i> Patoun <i>"sent us some Cartridge Boxes. They were brought in a vessel of Mr. Braxton's to Annapolis where the vessel being sold they were left and I have heard nothing of them since. I must beg the Favour of you to get them brought on if possible. Any supply of the same Article as also of Cartridge Paper and Flints which the Board of war can send on are essentially wanting." </i>(Thomas Jefferson to Benjamin Harrison, 29 January 1781). After several letters and a bit of confusion on how these boxes were to be transported to Virginia Captain John Pryor wrote to Col, Davies on October 14th, 1781 that:<br /><br /><i>"I am glad to hear the Cartridge Boxes have arrived. <b>I hope they are leather ones.</b> They never were more wanted. pray direct Capt: Bohannan to send the whole of them down."</i></p><p><br /></p><div style="text-align: center;">
<b>Boxes Issued for Militia Service </b></div>
<br />
Several
pension applications and receipts show that Virginia Militia were
regularly issued proper military cartridge boxes and muskets in 1780 and
1781; even when they entered service with civilian arms.<br />
<br />
Pension application of <a href="http://revwarapps.org/s5749.pdf" target="_blank">Thomas McDearman S5749 f8VA+f13VA</a><br />
<br />
<i>Thomas McDearman one of the Virginia Militia</i><br />
<i>has Served his Tower [tour] of Duty in Genl. Stephens's Brigade</i><br />
<i>& delivered up his Gun & Cartridge Box – and is hereby</i><br />
<i>discharged by me</i><br />
<i>the 8th of November 80 S/ Nath'l G. Morris [Nathaniel G Morris]</i><br />
<i>Major [illegible]</i><br />
<br />
<br />
Pension application of <a href="http://revwarapps.org/w9064.pdf" target="_blank">Daniel Holder W9064 Ruth Holder f29VA</a><br />
<br />
<i>Hilsbough</i><br />
<i>Hilsborough Jany 30th 1781</i><br />
<i>Rec'd by Order of Colo. Gunby from Daniel Holder One Gun Bayonett and Cartridge Box.</i><br />
<i>S/ [illegible signature, possibly "Pat Danelly" ]. Lt. & A. [Lieutenant & Adjutant]</i><br />
<br />
<br />
Pension application of <a href="http://revwarapps.org/r5998.pdf" target="_blank">Thomas Kitchen (Kitchens) R5998 f19VA</a><br />
<br />
<i>I was drafted sometime before the battle of Gilford [Guilford] Courthouse [March 15, 1781]... </i><br />
<i>I cannot recollect the precise date. </i><br />
<i>I
was placed on for they called the Bullock gard [guard?] while the
battle was being fought.When I <b>went out to Guilford I took my small
shotgun</b></i><i> (for if I had not taken it with me they would have
pressed it into service so I might as well take it.). I showed it to my
Colonel, he said </i><i>as I was a small follow I might keep it. But the
rest of the officers took it from me, valued it and gave me a receipt
for the valuation. </i><i>And <b>gave me a great heavy musket and cartridge
box. They took my musket when they gave me my discharge, but never gave
me back my little </b></i><i><b>gun</b> and I never got anything to do any good
for my receipt. They asked me for my cartridge box. I told them I had
none, so they said no more </i><i>about it. I had thrown it away during
our retreat at Guilford's battle. We were compelled to retreat at the
top of our speed and it was so</i><i> large and I was so young that I pulled out my cartridges slipped them into my knapsack and threw the cartridge box away.</i><br />
<i> </i><br />
<div>
Some North Carolina Militia soldiers were also issued muskets and bayonets despite mustering with civilian arms. <a href="https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwi6u6T19sDpAhUCgnIEHSSOATMQFjAAegQIARAB&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.revwarapps.org%2Fr7547.pdf&usg=AOvVaw0KU_WnQXlPwGTDsD0ehisj" target="_blank">Francis Myrick stated</a> that "<i>when he was attached to Greene's Army his gun, shot bag and powder horn was taken from [him] and a musket and cartridge boxes was given to him in their stead". </i></div>
<div>
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b>Conclusion:</b></div>
<br />
What
were these cartridge boxes being issued in Virginia like? Complaints about the quality of the boxes were circulated:<br />
<br />
<div>
<div>
<a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dAooAQAAMAAJ&q=the+300+cartouch+boxes,+that+I+informed+you+I+understood+were+on+the+road+coming+from+Virginia,+are+just+come+in.+I+have+received+them+and+can+assure&dq=the+300+cartouch+boxes,+that+I+informed+you+I+understood+were+on+the+road+coming+from+Virginia,+are+just+come+in.+I+have+received+them+and+can+assure&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjH4Z32s8LpAhWclnIEHVCyA1wQ6AEwAXoECAAQAg" target="_blank">Edward Stevens to Gen Gates July 21, 1780 </a></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<i>"Sir,</i></div>
<div>
<i>the
300 cartouch boxes, that I informed you I understood were on the road
coming from Virginia, are just come in. I have received them and can
assure you that they are not worthy of the name. <b>Numbers of them are
without any straps, others without flaps, and scarce any of them would
preserve the cartridges in a moderate show of Rain-what straps there are
to the boxes of are linen."</b></i></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Jefferson to E Stevens, 4 August 1780</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<i>"Richmond, August 4, 1780.</i></div>
<div>
<i>Sir,</i></div>
<div>
<i>Your
several favors of July the 16th, 21st, and 22nd, are now before me. Our
smiths are engaged in making five hundred axes and some tomahawks for
General Gates. ... <b>We are endeavoring to get bayonet belts made. The
State quarter-master affirms the cartouch boxes sent from this place,
(nine hundred and fifty-nine in number,) were all in good condition. I
therefore suppose the three hundred you received in such very bad order,
must have gone from the continental quarter-master at Petersburg, or,
perhaps, have been pillaged, on the road, of their flaps, to mend shoes,
&c. </b>I must still press the return of as many wagons as
possible. All you will send, shall be loaded with spirits or something
else for the army. By their next return, we shall have a good deal of
bacon collected. The enclosed is a copy of what was reported to me, as
heretofore sent by the wagons.</i></div>
<div>
<i><br /></i></div>
<div>
<i>I am. Sir, with the greatest esteem,</i></div>
<div>
<i>your most obedient, humble servant,</i></div>
<div>
<i>Th: Jefferson."</i></div>
<div>
<br />
Sadly, to my knowledge, no original cartridge boxes with an iron clad Revolutionary war Virginia provenance survive. Correspondence from 1781 points towards a motley mixture of the soft pouch/old construction boxes, new
construction boxes, waist belt boxes and tin canisters being in use in Virginia. An intriguing and unique 9 hole leather covered waist box was found in Virginia with early 19th century newspaper cartridges in it is pictured in <a href="http://ofsortsforprovincials.blogspot.com/2017/06/new-publication-cromwell-collection.html" target="_blank">The Cromwell Collection. </a></div>
</div>
</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Danish born<a href="https://allthingsliberty.com/2017/01/hans-christian-febiger-old-denmark/" target="_blank"> Colonel Christian Febiger </a>of the 2d Virginia commanded the General Rendezvous of Virginia's newly recruited Continental troops in 1781. After the British surrender at Yorktown, he wrote that: </div>
<div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
"The arms in general are good <b>but the cartouch boxes bad, many of the old construction and wore out. Some with waist belts, others without any belts at all slung by pieces of rope or other strings-</b> I could wish that a quantity of British arms and accoutrements not exceeding 600 stands may be sent me."</div>
</div>
<div>
( <a href="https://books.google.com/books?pg=PA632&lpg=PA637&dq=The+arms+in+general+are+good+but+the+cartouch+boxes+bad,+many+of+the+old+construction+and+wore+out.+Some+with+waist+belts,+others+without+any+belts+at&id=fOsxAQAAMAAJ&ots=PtsgM9VImy#v=onepage&q=The%20arms%20in%20general%20are%20good%20but%20the%20cartouch%20boxes%20bad%2C%20many%20of%20the%20old%20construction%20and%20wore%20out.%20Some%20with%20waist%20belts%2C%20others%20without%20any%20belts%20at&f=false" target="_blank">Fiebiger to Col Davies Dec. 3, 1781</a> )<br />
<br />
Note: This is an updated and expanded post that was originally published in 2017. </div>
</div>Jimhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07469147287637455019noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7471550270150187285.post-66557243961761083822020-04-13T14:38:00.002-07:002020-04-20T12:07:41.015-07:00French Rampart Muskets in the Revolutionary War Southern Theater by Jim Mullins<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: left;">
<br />
By 1778, Virginia was in dire need of
additional arms, having armed her 15 Continental regiments, and other
forces, which then took those arms out of the state. From September
1775 to July 1776 alone, the Virginia Committee of Safety had
purchased some 3,325 Muskets and 2,098 Rifles from private hands (<i>P109-124 The Gunsmith in Colonial Virginia, Harold B. Gill, Jr. Williamsburg, Va. [1974]</i>).
In 1781, <a href="https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Jefferson/01-04-02-0573" target="_blank">Thomas Jefferson estimated</a> over 5,500 arms had been
“Carried into Continental service” from Virginia, which is a
considerable number for a state that was at that time fielding 6,235
regulars and militia yet had only 71,052 free men over age 16 in<a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DTWttRSMtbYC&q=population#v=snippet&q=population&f=false" target="_blank"> Jefferson’s population estimate</a> the year afterwards.<a class="sdendnoteanc" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7471550270150187285#sdendnote3sym" name="sdendnote3anc"></a></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
As a result, supplies of arms were
running short, as illustrated by a letter from backcountry Militia Colonels
William Preston and William Fleming to Virginia’s Governor Patrick
Henry, dated July 8th 1778:</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<i>“… we are sorry to find that
numbers of Our effective Men are not armed, which we can only account
for from the Number of Firelocks that were purchased in these parts,
for the use of the State...</i>” (Collections of the State Historical Society of Wisconsin, Wisconsin Historical Publications Collections Volume XXIII Draper Series, Volume IV p106)</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Early on in the revolution, Virginia
and other American states sought munitions and assistance from Europe
including a past enemy, France:</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 0.5in;">
Virginia Gazette,
Purdie, March 22, 1776, page 2
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 0.5in;">
Williamsburg, March
22.</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in;">
<i>"It is an
undoubted fact, that between 8 and 9000 wt. of gunpowder is just
brought into this colony, from one of the French islands, with a
number of fieldpieces, four and six pounders, some muskets, &c."</i></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Included in these various shipments
of French arms were a number of "Rampart muskets". <a href="https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Jefferson/01-04-02-0573" target="_blank">Governor Thomas Jefferson wrote in January of 1781</a> that of 5000 stands of arms<i> "We
received of Continental arms in 1779... <b>one half of which were
rampart arms</b>....</i>"</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg6_K8DAW3kR3IVJGI3BgdDeV7RJV9vPBe4ibMHFblFJ8VMki6xKUkIvqEvWroTl5GTwn_adh2p7HJxxexwcPVz5_JvgxhzJ_ux6JVHQcLj-0gIMkUcW4xemSt9z9DRWmk_TGiZwJZoluL2/s1600/1779+french+amusets.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="454" data-original-width="292" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg6_K8DAW3kR3IVJGI3BgdDeV7RJV9vPBe4ibMHFblFJ8VMki6xKUkIvqEvWroTl5GTwn_adh2p7HJxxexwcPVz5_JvgxhzJ_ux6JVHQcLj-0gIMkUcW4xemSt9z9DRWmk_TGiZwJZoluL2/s320/1779+french+amusets.jpg" width="205" /></a></div>
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<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<i> <a href="https://www.loc.gov/resource/mtj1.001_1167_1167/" target="_blank">Captn. de Klauman's report</a> of Ammunition, Cannon, Small arms, Waggons... belonging to the State of Virginia July 17, 1779</i>" lists at : <i>"Hampton 7. French Amusettes" (Library of Congress)</i> </div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
12,000 rampart muskets arrived in
Portsmouth, New Hampshire on April 20, 1777 aboard the <i>Amphitrite</i>
and an additional 1,500 were landed at Portsmouth, New Hampshire on
January 8th, 1778 aboard the <i>Dutchess d'Grammont</i> (<i>American Military Shoulder Arms,</i> Moller v. 1, Appendix 5).</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
In addition to complete rampart
muskets, "From 1777 to 1780, at least 16,000 rampart musket
barrels were received from France." (<i>American Military Shoulder Arms,</i> Moller, v. 1, p. 136).<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b>What is a Rampart
Musket?</b> </div>
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3Yc4R5OWVJnPxUDsIix_4P95t0BGdGFkH_n2uKv2RMjUSwzk44ErkUP5X_b5fvo26xllVxJnu5bB6cOZa3spcfHOMh0oFeyG_mq6CYKYmCF8LptGKvG4f4zr7BSZnqkL_jUOlA5W0V2EK/s1600/cwf+1717+rampart+both+sides.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="648" data-original-width="1417" height="146" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3Yc4R5OWVJnPxUDsIix_4P95t0BGdGFkH_n2uKv2RMjUSwzk44ErkUP5X_b5fvo26xllVxJnu5bB6cOZa3spcfHOMh0oFeyG_mq6CYKYmCF8LptGKvG4f4zr7BSZnqkL_jUOlA5W0V2EK/s320/cwf+1717+rampart+both+sides.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<i>An unaltered French model 1717 Rampart Musket </i><br />
<i><span class="detailFieldValue">Overall: 63 1/4" Barrel: 47" x .75 caliber Lockplate: 7 1/8"</span> </i></div>
<div class="detailField invnoField" style="text-align: center;">
<i><span class="detailFieldLabel">Object number</span><span class="detailFieldValue"> 2019-62</span></i><i><a href="https://emuseum.history.org/objects/105917/french-m1717-rampart-musket?ctx=e50aad8e9e3c91feebc9f5db549910e20502f16f&idx=0" target="_blank"> Colonial Williamsburg Foundation Emuseum</a> </i></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: white;">In the 17<sup>th</sup>
century, French arms makers were producing oversized (both matchlock
and later flintlock) “rampart” or “demi-citadelle” muskets
that were <i>“used for the defense of the Places</i> [fortifications]." </span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: left;">
<div align="CENTER" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiiGV418LwicsdTDmCn5XLR1wm9jdyWq4VLCAGEfF-s0vdIrG92kxzo0FtntnETH11_GJ_-sBi91ySHI4hMpzFDYJ8J4CD0MES4tMz_M9wDk8AY1NNlOqpILzzMJti9vqhDTBnaLSkh0OFo/s1600/artillerie+praqtique+matchlock+rampart+musket+plate.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="513" data-original-width="1600" height="102" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiiGV418LwicsdTDmCn5XLR1wm9jdyWq4VLCAGEfF-s0vdIrG92kxzo0FtntnETH11_GJ_-sBi91ySHI4hMpzFDYJ8J4CD0MES4tMz_M9wDk8AY1NNlOqpILzzMJti9vqhDTBnaLSkh0OFo/s320/artillerie+praqtique+matchlock+rampart+musket+plate.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br />
<i>Detail of plate 65 <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=V9AWAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA94&vq=rempart&output=html&source=gbs_search_r&cad=1" target="_blank">Artillerie pratique (1846)</a> "Armes de guerre...fusil de rampart" showing a matchlock rampart musket with a hook, sometimes referred to as an "Arquebuses a croc".</i></div>
<div align="CENTER" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="background-color: white;">Pierre Surirey de Saint Remy’s <i>Mémoires d'artillerie</i>
contains a 1716 ordinance that notes that they will
cost 25% more than a common soldier’s musket and were being
procured from the same shops that were making the regulation infantry
muskets. (<i>Mémoires d'artillerie</i>, In three volumes In quarto by Pierre Surirey de Saint Remy Volume 3 Paris, 1745 p 427-428). </span><span style="background-color: white;">French Army small arms were officially standardized with the 1717
regulations, and a parallel, larger “rampart” sized version of the 1717 musket
and later, the 1728 model musket were produced. Didier Bianchi estimates production at 30,000-40,000 for 1717 rampart muskets and a smaller unknown number of 1728 rampart guns (<i>French Military Small Arms</i> volume 1 p18-22).</span></div>
</div>
</div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><br /></span></div>
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<div style="text-align: center;">
<i><span style="background-color: white;">A</span><span style="background-color: white;"> banded 1728 rampart musket style gun with a large, non regulation
.85 caliber fully octagonal barrel (similar to the illustration of a matchlock rampart gun
shown in </span></i><span style="background-color: white;"><i><a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=V9AWAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA94&vq=rempart&output=html&source=gbs_search_r&cad=1" target="_blank">Artillerie pratique</a>). No complete specimens matching the 1728 regulations are known to the author at this time, and this atypical barrel may represent a thrifty arsenal reuse of an older barrel from French stores or a working life replacement </i></span><span style="background-color: white;"><i><i>(courtesy the Cromwell Collection). Other French rampart guns with non regulation barrels are in collections in France and America.</i></i></span></div>
<span style="background-color: white;"> </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;">These rampart muskets differed from
the common infantry muskets as they had thicker stocks and larger
bores (rampart muskets weighed roughly 10.5 lbs, the same as an English "King's Pattern" Long land musket vs the roughly eight pounds of the contemporary French infantry musket): </span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><i>“The bullet of the soldier's musket
is from eighteen to a pound [.69” bore firing .65” ball]; And the
bullet of the rampart musket, is of an ounce or of sixteen to the
pound [.73” bore firing .68” ball, roughly the same size as
English muskets]”(<a href="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k5839369k/f11.item.r=%22fusil%20de%20rempart%22.zoom" target="_blank">Encyclopédie méthodique</a>. Arts et métiers mécaniques. Tome 1 / , par Jacques Lacombe; Paris 1782)</i></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_GoBack"></a>Rampart muskets
also lacked sling swivels or provisions for mounting a bayonet. These
features suited the rampart musket’s intended use as a shoulder
fired weapon that bridged the gap between the infantry
muskets and light artillery for the defense of fixed positions. Lieutenant
William Grant of the 42<sup>nd</sup> regiment mentions the difficulty
in attacking the French entrenchments at Ticonderoga in 1758 “gave
the enemy abundance of time to mow us down like a field of corn, with
their wall-pieces and small arms, before we fired one single shot.” (<i>The Royal American Regiment: An Atlantic Microcosm, 1755–1772</i>, Alexander V. Campbell, p95) The “wall-pieces” Grant mentioned were likely a portion of the
1,000 stands of rampart muskets brought to Canada in 1755 (<i>French Military Arms and Armor in America, 1503-1783</i>, René Chartrand, p. 160-161)</div>
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<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<i>An American restocked 1717 rampart musket's lock. Private Collection. </i><br />
<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2FakzshHHvDuX4DrdxLRfuxLARnImSKrOhkWneBsiRF6SgQgz3Dw9nexCcMy2VZwwLQ8bhIuxnqf-5YIr995R9xhCHrucOkcb87DHT-5SKzZmCyKV7KZgNgfnu5lxOBq4IEM3_xVGKaAg/s1600/IMG_8164.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1067" data-original-width="1600" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2FakzshHHvDuX4DrdxLRfuxLARnImSKrOhkWneBsiRF6SgQgz3Dw9nexCcMy2VZwwLQ8bhIuxnqf-5YIr995R9xhCHrucOkcb87DHT-5SKzZmCyKV7KZgNgfnu5lxOBq4IEM3_xVGKaAg/s320/IMG_8164.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
<i> </i><br />
<i>Three unique and large (over 1 1/8"s) frizzen bridles from 1717 Rampart muskets have been recovered at the Point of Fork Arsenal site in Virginia (courtesy the Cromwell Collection). Additional rampart musket parts have been <a href="https://americansocietyofarmscollectors.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/1995-B73-Art-and-Archaeology-and-the-Study-of-the.pdf">excavated in Virginia</a>.</i></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<sup> </sup>Virginia’s stock of Rampart muskets
from Continental stores, which lacked bayonets had <i>"long lain
dormant…supposed useless for the field"</i> (<i>THE REPUBLIC OF LETTERS: The Correspondence between Thomas Jefferson and ...</i>By James Morton -- Ed. "Smith, Madison and the Virginia Congressional Delegation to Governor Jefferson Philadelphia Apr. 27, 1781; also see Madison papers p88 Va. Delegates to TJ April 27th 1781) and remained in storage for two years while more suitable guns were
issued. Other states were not as picky, and hundreds were lent to
Pennsylvania in order to arm her militia:</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=aVMOAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA692&dq=rampart+musket+war+office&hl=en&ei=UoJRTMT6A8OclgeRqdWBBQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CDAQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q&f=false" target="_blank">Board of War toPres. Reed, 1779. War - Office, Sept 10 ,1779</a></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in;">
<i>"...When we
had the honour of waiting on the council & consented to furnish
arms for the militia, our views were confined to those who should
form the guard in this city : the state of the public stores will not
at present warrant a more extensive supply. <b>We expect a quantity of
rampart muskets from Virginia in a few days</b>; they are substantial
arms without bayonets : out of these the 750 asked for may be lent to
the state. The one ton of powder you requested shall be delivered to
your order."</i></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in;">
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<div style="text-align: center;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br />
<i>Model 1728 Rampart lock found at <a href="https://www.nps.gov/museum/exhibits/revwar/guco/gucoweapons.html" target="_blank">Guilford Courthouse</a> </i></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<i>This lock can be confirmed as a 1728 Rampart lock by the larger than musket sized 7.3 inch overall length. Note the lack of the bridle on the frizzen spring featured on the 1717 models. </i></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<a href="https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Jefferson/01-04-02-0573" target="_blank">North Carolina received 2,200 rampart arms in 1780</a>,
and a 1728 pattern Rampart musket lock (identifiable as such due to
the lock’s larger size) was recovered on the battlefield at
<a href="https://www.nps.gov/museum/exhibits/revwar/guco/gucoweapons.html" target="_blank">Guilford</a> Court House
(fought on March 15, 1781). This likely indicates that some North
Carolina issued rampart muskets were used in that battle. </div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
In December 1780, American traitor
Benedict Arnold, now a British General, accompanied by Colonel John
Graves Simcoe’s Queen’s rangers and other troops arrived in
Virginia, attacking Richmond on January 5<sup>th</sup>, 1781.
Arnold's force caused significant damage, and the poorly armed
Virginia militia proved ineffective at stopping his invasion.</div>
<br />
By April British reinforcements under
General Phillips had reached Virginia and on April 27, 1781 the
urgent needs for more arms brought these "useless" rampart
muskets to the forefront. Several Virginia Delegates (Madison, Bland
and Smith) <a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=3WvWe7j9EaYC&pg=PA196&lpg=PA196&dq=james+madison+rampart+musket+1781&source=bl&ots=Xz3FgZHK2S&sig=7BSDtYANfMs8M0QiHtPNqPuZN5g&hl=en&ei=D4tRTPqfHcP_lgezwNHABA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CB4Q6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=rampart&f=false" target="_blank">wrote to Governor Thomas Jefferson</a> on April 27<sup>th</sup>,
1781
from Philadelphia that:<br />
<br />
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in;">
<i>"Having
discovered that there were a considerable number of Rampart Arms
belonging to the U.S. at this place, which have long lain dormant,
(having been supposed useless for the Field,) we have found on
enquiry that with a small alteration, and fixing Bayonettes to them
they are capable of being renderd exceeding good Field Arms; &
knowing the necessity of the State for a Supply of that article we
have been extreemely desireous to have them alterd and Sent on with
all possible dispatch…”</i></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Paying for these alterations proved
problematic. The Virginia delegates</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in;">
<i>“…flatterd
ourselves that this might have been done expeditiously by the
Intervention of some Virginia Merchants who had money in this City
which they offerd to dispose of for the purchase of the Arms from the
Continent; to have them fitted and transported at their own
expence, and on their arrival in Virginia giving the State the offer
of them upon terms yielding them a reasonable Profit for their
trouble and expence in so doing; but when they gave in their
proposals to us in writing, we were extreemely sorry to find that
what would yield them a profit, (far short as they informed us of
what might be obtaind by vesting their money in other Articles of
Commerce,) greatly exceeded any allowance we thought ourselves
Justifiable in agreeing they shd. receive, especially when we
considerd the fowl condition of the treasury of the State, and that
we must engage the faith of the State for the Immediate advance of
one half the Money, and the payment of the other half on the delivery
of the Arms. This determined us to embrace an Alternative, which we
hope in the End will prove more Eligible; we have in consequence of
that determination <b>procured an Order of Congress to the board of War
to have two thousand Stand immediately alterd and fitted up for field
Service, to be forwarded with all possible expedition to Virginia and
the remainder to be sent to Maryland and North Carolina.</b> “</i></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
A request was made for Jefferson to
furnish
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in;">
<i>“the amount of
1,300 Pounds hard money_ or its Value in Paper,' such as will
Circulate in this State; without which we find it will absolutely be
impracticable to carry into execution a measure which will be
productive of the greatest advantage to the Southern States, for
want of some fund in this City we have often found ourselves greatly
embarrassed, and frequently absolutely prevented from expediting
Succours of whose consequences we are fully apprized to the
Southward…”</i></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
In case this financial request was
declined, the Virginia Delegates' Agreement with Pennsylvania
gunsmith Ebenezer Cowell<sup> </sup>(<i>"Agreement between the delegates of Virginia and Ebenezer Cowell of Philadelphia, to "Cut and put in good Repair two Thousand Ramport Muskets, the Property of the said State." </i>April 2, 1781 published in Papers of James Madison, Vol 3 p86-Wm T. Hutchinson and Wm Rachal eds.) included a mechanism for him to receive 800 stands of these arms to
resell himself in lieu of payment should the Virginian’s tenuous
payment fall through.</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<i>"PHILADELPHIA
April 27th. 1781</i></div>
<i>
</i>
<br />
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<i>Memorandum of an
Agreement entered into this 27th of April 1781</i></div>
<i>
</i>
<br />
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<i>Between the Honble
The Delegates of the State of Virginia on the one</i></div>
<i>
</i>
<br />
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<i>Part, and Ebenezer
Cowell of the City of Philadelphia on the other.'-</i></div>
<i>
</i>
<br />
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in;">
<i>The said Cowell
doth hereby undertake to Cut and put in good Repair two
Thousand Rampart Muskets, the Property of the Said State, in
the same Manner, and of the same length as those now Shewn in the War
Office, at the rate of Seven Shillings and Six Pence Hard Money, or
the value thereof in Paper Money at the Time of Payment. And the said
Cowell doth hereby engage to finish Twelve Hundred of the said
Muskets in Fourteen Days from this Time, and deliver the same to
the orders' of the said Delegates to be transported to the said
State of Virginia-and the Residue before the day of Payment.</i></div>
<i>
</i>
<br />
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in;">
<i>And the said
Delegates do hereby engage to Pay the said Cowell or order the said
Sum of Seven Shillings and Six Pence Hard Money or the real value
thereof in Paper m[oney] for each Musket, in Sixty days from the day
of the Date of these Presents; and they hereby agree that if it is
not paid at that Day, that the Eight Hundred Muskets or so many
there of as shall be sufficient for the [pu]rpose shall be
immediately sold to satisfy the said Cowell his demand according to
this agreement.</i></div>
<i>
</i>
<br />
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<i>JAMES MADISON
JUNR</i></div>
<i>
</i>
<br />
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<i>THEOK: BLAND M.
SMITH</i></div>
<i>
</i>
<br />
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<i>EBENEZER CoWELL"
</i></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Cowell worked quickly, on May 1, 1781
Madison and the Virginia Congressional Delegation were able to report
to Governor Jefferson that<i>“We had previous to his coming taken
some measures which we flatter ourselves will yield about 2000 good
muskets in about two weeks. .. The 1100 Stand belonging to the State
have at length gone forward, with most of the other Articles brought
hither with them." (THE REPUBLIC OF LETTERS: The Correspondence between Thomas Jefferson and ...By James Morton -- Ed. "Smith May 1, 1781 Madison and the Virginia Congressional Delegation to Jefferson)."</i>
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Seven days later the same delegation
reported <i>“About 400 of the Rampart arms to be made into good
Muskets and fixd with Bayonettes for the State as advised in ours of
last week are finishd and will be sent forward immediately and the
others are finishing with all possible Expedition."</i><i><i>(THE REPUBLIC OF LETTERS: The Correspondence between Thomas Jefferson and ...By James Morton -- Ed. "Smith Madison and the Virginia Congressional Delegation to Governor Jefferson, Philadelphia May 8, 1781)."</i></i></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
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<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<i>An altered 1717 rampart musket that has been cut for a bayonet featured in the 2019 Society of the Cincinnati program <a href="https://www.americanrevolutioninstitute.org/event/lecture-gifts-from-the-sea-the-miraculous-stories-of-two-continental-army-guns/" target="_blank">"Gifts from the Sea: The Miraculous Stories of Two Continental Army Guns"</a> </i></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Around this time an additional army
under British General Lord Charles Cornwallis reached Virginia from
North Carolina.</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
By May 22, 1781, George Weedon was able
to report to Lafayette that he had<i> "a letter this post from the
Board of war dated [14th? Inst.] They inform 250 Stand of repared
Rampart Arms were set out from Phila. and 250 more would follow in
three days." (George Weedon to Lafayette May 22, 1781 Fredericksburg Va- <a href="https://books.google.com/books?ei=cjKCTqHNIca80AH8vrmEAQ&ct=result&id=ouV1AAAAMAAJ&dq=weedon+%2B+grayson+%2B+arms&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=275+Stand+of+Arms+and+a+ton+of+Powder+" target="_blank">Lafayette in the American Revolution vol 4</a> page 125).</i>
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
On May 29, 1781 Col. Grayson, sent
General Weedon the following account of arms (<i>George Weedon Military Correspondence</i> (Mss.B.W41) at the <a href="http://www.amphilsoc.org/" target="_blank">American Philosophical Society</a>- Grayson's letter of June 26th confirms that these were "four thousand Rampart arms...for the use of the Southern Militia" ).<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<i>Dr. Sir.</i></div>
<i>
</i>
<br />
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<i>An account of the
Arms is as follow:-</i></div>
<i>
</i>
<br />
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<i><br /></i>
</div>
<i>
</i>
<br />
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<i>Sent on}
1,100.- property of the State- from R. Island.</i></div>
<i>
</i>
<br />
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<i> 1000- Do.- Rampart Arms. repaired</i></div>
<i>
</i>
<br />
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
</div>
<i>
</i>
<br />
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<i> 1000. Do.- ...Ready }at this place</i></div>
<i>
</i>
<br />
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<i> 500... Continental...Do.-</i></div>
<i>
</i>
<br />
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
</div>
<i>
</i>
<br />
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<i> 1000... Do. on their way from West
point</i></div>
<i>
</i>
<br />
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<i><br /></i>
</div>
<i>
</i>
<br />
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<i> In all...4.600.-</i></div>
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<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in;">
<i>The thousand
repaired rampart arms for the State & the five hundred
Continental Arms for the new levies, will go on this week: the
thousand which are on the way from West point will be sent as soon as
they arrive:- As to swords, and pistols, which you write for, I am
doing all in my power, perhaps you may get part: if the State agent
who is here, can get money to put them together, the Board will
furnish him with the limbs [?]and charge them to the state- Sweet
Virginia goes on as usual, the agent is sent up to purchase an
immense quantity of articles without a farthing of cash in his
pockett: as to the credit of the State I don't believe any body would
trust her for half a crown:- There never was more maneuvering than to
get the rampart arms, & have them repaired. I shall comuel
[?illeg] the Delegates of the State and fall upon all the ways and
means upon the face of the Earth to get your swords and pistols. As
to Musketts, I think you are in a pretty good way.- Wayne has at last
marched through:- 600. new levies will shortly join you from Maryland
and Delawar: Moylan's horse will go in fourteen days amounting to 60
dragoons: Pray with Steubans 1200 & this force cannot you look
Cornwallis in the face?-</i></div>
<i>
</i>
<br />
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in;">
<i>The old story of
evacuating N. York has revived again:- the idea is ridiculed by some
but I own I am among those who do not think such a measure
improbable:- I am very impatient to hear when the last detachment
from N. York has gone; I have always thought they were for Chesapeake
bay, but from their being out to Camp, I begin to think they have gon
to Charles town._ The advices next week from Europe hold the most
agreeable expectations.- France is firm, & Holland determined to
act vigourously.
</i></div>
<i>
</i>
<br />
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in;">
<i>Having a great
number of letters to answer, must conclude, with assuring you I am
one of the most indus: trious men in the City---</i></div>
<i>
</i>
<br />
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<i> Yr. Affect. friend.</i></div>
<i>
</i>
<br />
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in;">
<i>Since writing the
above, we have served out fifty pair of pistols, and a thousand
cartridge boxes.- Pray inform me what you want every thing shall be
done that can be done."</i></div>
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Virginia's Governor Thomas Jefferson
followed up <a href="https://books.google.com/books?ei=cjKCTqHNIca80AH8vrmEAQ&ct=result&id=ouV1AAAAMAAJ&dq=weedon+%2B+grayson+%2B+arms&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=275+Stand+of+Arms+and+a+ton+of+Powder+" target="_blank">in a letter to Lafayette on May 31st</a>, confirming "...Mr.
Ross's Agent in Philadelphia on the 9th. instant forwarded 275 Stand
of Arms and a ton of Powder to Fredericksburg; on the 11th he
forwarded another stand of Arms; on the 18th. he forwarded 600 stand
of Arms, and by this time expected the remainder of the 2000 engaged
from Congress by the board of war...." adding that "I must
pray you to take such measures....as may secure these Stores from
fall in in with the enemy and moving them to where they may be useful
to you."</div>
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By June 1781, the arms were being issued in
Virginia, Colonel William Grayson wrote
Weedon that</div>
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<i>I have been
indefatigable about procuring Arms, and I am now <u>authorized</u> to
tell you you will be supplyed to a much greater extent than I
expected by the first day of July, there shall be a sufficient
quantity of arms in Virginia for <u>all your purposes</u> :-
therefore skirmish, but risque not a general action; The Congress
have ordered three battalions of Militia from Maryland & from
this State: Maylans [Moyland] goes in ten days from this with Sixty
Horse well accoutred- & I presume that Green will shortly return.
Inclosed is a list of the rampart Arms sent on: exclusive of those
taken by Baron Steuban [likely used to arm Gaskin’s Virginia
Continental Battalion. See Steuben to Greene, 5118/81, PTJ 5:668; Steuben to Oliver Towles, et al., 5/17/81, Steuben Papers; Richard Claiborne to Jefferson, 5/18/81, PTJ 5:665-66; Davies to Steuben, 5/22/8l, Steuben Papers.].-
I shall send you by every Part returns of the quantities the name of
the waggoners, point of destination & the route they will take.
I shall push hard to get leave to go to Virginia, after the affair
with regards to the arms is carried into full execution:" (George Weedon Military Correspondence (Mss.B.W41) at the <a href="http://www.amphilsoc.org/" target="_blank">American Philosophical Society</a>. 1781 June 5. Grayson, Col. - Encloses list of arms sent on... pg. 106.)</i></div>
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<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Although termed “substantial arms" , on June 26<sup>th</sup>,
Colonel William Grayson asked Weedon’s opinion of the rampart guns succinctly noting <i>“The militia cannot grumble about them being heavy, as they
are precisely of the same weight with a Brittish muskett.” </i><i>( George Weedon Military Correspondence (Mss.B.W41) at the <a href="http://www.amphilsoc.org/" target="_blank">American Philosophical Society</a>.</i><i> 1781 June 26. Grayson, William. to Weedon ). </i>Despite being at first considered “useless” when compared to the prolific contemporary French muskets like the 1763 "Charlevilles";
a considerable quantity of fifty to sixty year old French rampart
guns were <i>“made into good Muskets and fixd with Bayonettes”</i> at a
critical time when Virginia and other southern states needed them
most. </div>
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<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
NB: I'd like to express my extreme gratitude to Steve Delisle, André Gousse, Erik Goldstien, The Colonial Williamsburg John D. Rockefeller Library staff, Giles Cromwell, Jim Kochan, and the <a href="https://www.amphilsoc.org/" target="_blank">American Philosophical Society</a> for assisting with this research project.</div>
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Jimhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07469147287637455019noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7471550270150187285.post-43318510286465761362020-01-03T16:30:00.007-08:002021-08-13T09:53:11.536-07:00Clothing and Equipment at the battle of King's Mountain<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1d/Patrick_Ferguson.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="222" data-original-width="185" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1d/Patrick_Ferguson.jpg" /></a></div>
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Scottish Officer <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Ferguson">Major Patrick Ferguson of the 71st Foot acting as Inspector of Militia</a></div>
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<br />
The October 7th, 1780 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kings_Mountain">Battle of King's Mountain</a> pitted a well organized <a href="https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&ved=2ahUKEwjllcWRsujmAhVjx1kKHQFHDxIQFjAAegQIAxAC&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.carolana.com%2FSC%2FRevolution%2FKnown_Loyalists_at_Kings_Mountain.pdf&usg=AOvVaw0J0ZirCjUbv9y3eKP98jvy">Loyalist force</a> under British Major Patrick Ferguson against Patriot militia. Despite experienced leadership and a well chosen position occupying high ground, the Loyalist force was surrounded, eventually enveloped and then captured by enraged Virginia (drawing heavily from Washington County men) and Carolina back country militia who had arrived swiftly by horseback before the Loyalist force could escape or be reinforced. Prior to the engagement Ferguson had issued an inflammatory missive
urging local loyalists to join his forces against the "Backwater men"or be "pissed upon forever and ever by a set of
mongrels." The Loyalists eventually became casualties or surrendered after a spirited defense that relied heavily on the bayonet while many of the Americans assaulting their position fired from the trees below. The accounts of no quarter given to American forces by Tarleton at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Waxhaws">Buford's defeat or Waxhaws</a> earlier that year urged little sympathy for Tories and some where killed in the chaotic moments after the surrender had taken place. This dramatic Patriot victory remained a proud and romanticized moment for many back country Americans, and many items descended through participant's families with a sometimes unjustified provenance of use at this important battle.<br />
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<b>Loyalist Units Clothing and Equipment </b></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi93a-filk1JbSZD67zr1wxa1-kEsl6qjzqU5Yyq7fB8LME1LwtTH7uA4MKoRFsX9gOg47ZwUn1ZxgwNJ_8koYhyLhKky53e1eGh1aSjB489uAYZwwhvKdId3yVRU8Am8JfHAsYQX8bP3Sk/s1600/23-35bdd39e10+Lieutenant+Anthony+Allaire++Loyal+American+Regiment++Attributed+to+John+Ramage+ca+1779+New+Brunswick+Museum.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="544" data-original-width="371" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi93a-filk1JbSZD67zr1wxa1-kEsl6qjzqU5Yyq7fB8LME1LwtTH7uA4MKoRFsX9gOg47ZwUn1ZxgwNJ_8koYhyLhKky53e1eGh1aSjB489uAYZwwhvKdId3yVRU8Am8JfHAsYQX8bP3Sk/s320/23-35bdd39e10+Lieutenant+Anthony+Allaire++Loyal+American+Regiment++Attributed+to+John+Ramage+ca+1779+New+Brunswick+Museum.jpg" width="218" /></a></div>
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Provincial Officer Lt. <a href="https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/60740834/anthony-allaire">Anthony Allaire</a> of the <span class="st">Loyal American Regiment </span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span class="st">Attributed to John Ramage c. 1779 (New Brunswick Museum) from <a href="https://www.scribd.com/document/251081290/Military-British-Army-His-Majesty-s-Loyalists-Indian-Allies" target="_blank"><i>His Majesty's Loyalists, & Indian Allies</i></a> by The <a href="https://materialculture18t.wixsite.com/18thcmcrc" target="_blank">18th Century Material Culture Resource Center</a> </span></div>
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<span class="st"> </span>An extract of Allaire's account of the battle can be found <a href="http://www.royalprovincial.com/history/battles/kingslet.shtml">here</a>. </div>
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The Loyalist Units under Ferguson were a mixed bag, from local Tories in their civilian clothes and arms to experienced and red uniformed Provincial (American) troops. Some Loyalist militia men from South Carolina appear to have been clothed in <a href="http://www.royalprovincial.com/military/rhist/scmil/scminstruct.htm">Hunting shirts</a> and were armed with captured French muskets from Charlestown, causing a confusing as well as bloody engagement. Ferguson himself may have been wearing a hunting shirt when he was killed at the battle. Alexander Chesney's Diary states that <i>"Col. Ferguson was at last recognized by his gallantry, although wearing a hunting shirt and fell pierced by seven balls, at the moment he had killed the American Col. Williams with his left hand (The right being useless)</i> [several accounts mention him holding a sword in his left hand due to a prior injury] (<a href="https://books.google.com/books?isbn=1625844255">The Battle of Kings Mountain: Eyewitness Accounts</a> Robert M. Dunkerly p 132) Red coated Loyalist Provincials are mentioned in a postwar participant statement
from 1824 (James Davison of Virginia serving under Campbell): "the
Enemy were ordered to set down that they might be distinguished as
others from us as we were dressed alike except the red coats.”<a href="https://books.google.com/books?isbn=1625844255"> (The Battle of Kings Mountain: Eyewitness Accounts byRobert M. Dunkerly</a> p43). Thomas Young later mentioned that both forces used field signs to differentiate each other. He saw "paper which the Whigs wore in their hats, and the pine twigs the tories wore in theirs, these being the badges of distinction." <a href="https://books.google.com/books?isbn=1625844255">The Battle of Kings Mountain: Eyewitness Accounts byRobert M. Dunkerly</a> p92 ).<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh5mMDBrKn_L-eSmpox4oCfQnOUJ-ozQiL5r1OFKSqc6tALvUHsp4I4x1lS4BdXLikH_QR2BKXCPYNMDe4nGk59rC0wu_5TTo4i0eM9HjJyWYM-otJhJWBorMBEtNnXferGfUeu-Z3G6x-_/s1600/35516.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="151" data-original-width="500" height="96" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh5mMDBrKn_L-eSmpox4oCfQnOUJ-ozQiL5r1OFKSqc6tALvUHsp4I4x1lS4BdXLikH_QR2BKXCPYNMDe4nGk59rC0wu_5TTo4i0eM9HjJyWYM-otJhJWBorMBEtNnXferGfUeu-Z3G6x-_/s320/35516.jpeg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<i> Model 1763 Infantry Musket and Bayonet <a href="https://emuseum.history.org/objects/89501/model-1763-infantry-musket-and-bayonet;jsessionid=BA56A18DBF1371D03AEA1EE46160C1CB">Colonial Williamsburg</a> </i></div>
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As for small arms; in May 1780 Charleston SC: "<i>Issued to Maj. Ferguson's [Militia] Corps...300 serviceable French muskets and bayonets, and 50 Sea Service Swords...</i>" (<i>British Military Rifles</i> -Appendix 3 p215 by DeWitt Bailey).<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4ZamOVsqRIBbqmLoiZ6tFv_6CrLtFduQUdvgyyaUXGwK_RbHIKi4k_0XtkEej5CgTttFzzyfwunj70K65ur05nVlTGN4KQ3Ma0j1DqlGtHrO6o9MT8Lf1CjStEP07OndL9dmd1Ia7xnPh/s1600/fig8+hilt.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="967" data-original-width="1176" height="263" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4ZamOVsqRIBbqmLoiZ6tFv_6CrLtFduQUdvgyyaUXGwK_RbHIKi4k_0XtkEej5CgTttFzzyfwunj70K65ur05nVlTGN4KQ3Ma0j1DqlGtHrO6o9MT8Lf1CjStEP07OndL9dmd1Ia7xnPh/s320/fig8+hilt.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<i> </i></div>
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<i>British Sea Service sword, known today as a "Figure of Eight" Cutlass (Private Collection).</i></div>
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The pension application of North Carolinian <a href="http://revwarapps.org/r3529.pdf">John Fields</a> mentions that he "was wounded on the head by a cutlass, a short sword, during the battle of King's Mountain."</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8E81QK0vAsbLeKlFp2a_YJOYB1tVCexxn-0eFMkuNcsNxBuVaOBtFZRAymq-g35wTtSTgBRvFZSslIHhbwi_NzDkr8hrDMhIt3xxfSj1pvOVvj-0F3hLJPKZ7VBt1E6jmyVfHMpnaQNNR/s1600/stock+mark.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="422" data-original-width="637" height="211" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8E81QK0vAsbLeKlFp2a_YJOYB1tVCexxn-0eFMkuNcsNxBuVaOBtFZRAymq-g35wTtSTgBRvFZSslIHhbwi_NzDkr8hrDMhIt3xxfSj1pvOVvj-0F3hLJPKZ7VBt1E6jmyVfHMpnaQNNR/s320/stock+mark.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<i>Firearms with King's Mountain provenance are rare, but a<a href="https://kyhistory.pastperfectonline.com/webobject/AB81D579-4334-4905-8469-365945261455"> pattern 56 Long Land survives in the Kentucky Historical Society Collection</a> that was said to have been captured by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Shelby">Isaac Shelby</a> at the battle.</i></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgrX-CK7GE_xX74s54UN0AvlcAFrdwnpVZvhqPUu6xVFNQW_gDCnM6svcQmtbnOFbA_ZVrQsZbh4XO_-Lnii5cIMcVRUg0sekxmHZXZ0xVNcsaojSptCmu0xEVw2uhSkQOQz5NBCof5DRZZ/s1600/19140018_1_sm.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="258" data-original-width="1600" height="51" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgrX-CK7GE_xX74s54UN0AvlcAFrdwnpVZvhqPUu6xVFNQW_gDCnM6svcQmtbnOFbA_ZVrQsZbh4XO_-Lnii5cIMcVRUg0sekxmHZXZ0xVNcsaojSptCmu0xEVw2uhSkQOQz5NBCof5DRZZ/s320/19140018_1_sm.jpeg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<i>An iron mounted Dutch musket similar to the original appearance of the "Vannoy" musket. </i></div>
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<i>Both were likely French and Indian war era imports.</i></div>
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A restocked iron mounted Dutch musket with family provenance to a South
Carolina militiaman named Vannoy who supposedly captured it from Tories at King's
Mountain was donated to the Smithsonian in 1887 and remains there to
this day. The gun barrel was marked "Douglas" for an officer in Dutch
service prior to the gun being imported to America (see <a href="https://archive.org/stream/TheSwordOfLordAndGideon/The%20Sword%20of%20Lord%20and%20Gideon_djvu.txt">The Sword of Lord and Gideon William Baker Clyde</a> p24).<i> </i></div>
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<b>Patriot Militia Clothing and Equipment </b></div>
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Although not uniformed like some of their Loyalist enemies, several trends can be noted in Patriot militia clothing and equipment. Wallets and rifles seem to have been commonplace, and although several hunting shirts are present in Washington County Va probate inventories before and after the battle- I was surprised at the scarcity of primary source information on them from Patriot militia participants (this may be due to the cold weather). South Carolina militiaman William Shaw's <a href="http://revwarapps.org/r9446.pdf" target="_blank">pension application </a>states that <i>"at the battle at Kings Mountain your petitioner was able to show a hunting shirt struck with several balls and nothing but a kind & overruling Providence preserved his life."</i><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgun2Z0zbG3DwCDV6Z9-W23AZWz9io_Whiv82N3RWBUX6Ps9QFSpTDLzuEv7j0knpG22bThQx5zpyZW2VzU-c91mnqoIr6fQKqh6-2TCw7682SsTUHXdwf2I8rrxkqovH0CU9ApDBEr_gJO/s1600/20190707_162341.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="550" data-original-width="1600" height="110" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgun2Z0zbG3DwCDV6Z9-W23AZWz9io_Whiv82N3RWBUX6Ps9QFSpTDLzuEv7j0knpG22bThQx5zpyZW2VzU-c91mnqoIr6fQKqh6-2TCw7682SsTUHXdwf2I8rrxkqovH0CU9ApDBEr_gJO/s320/20190707_162341.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<i>An original 18th century linen wallet marked "CD" in red thread. Private Collection</i></div>
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Ensign Robert Campbell <a href="http://docsouth.unc.edu/csr/index.html/document/csr15-0280">mentions the mounted militia</a> rushing to attack Ferguson were commonly equipped with <a href="http://ofsortsforprovincials.blogspot.com/2011/03/wallets.html">wallets</a> or saddlebags (a tidbit also mentioned in the <a href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924032752846/page/n191">Draper MS</a> in the 19th century). Multiple sources indicate Colonel William Campbell fought in his "shirt sleeves" after removing his "light colored coat" (Isaac Shelby account <a href="https://books.google.com/books?isbn=1625844255">The Battle of Kings Mountain: Eyewitness Accounts byRobert M. Dunkerly</a> ).<br />
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Probate inventories from several of the men from Washington County Virginia who were killed in the battle mention typical civilian clothing such as blue coats and leather breeches. Some of the participants from Washington County also owned <a href="http://twonerdyhistorygirls.blogspot.com/2010/11/keeping-warm-in-18th-c-gentlemans-great.html">greatcoats</a>, as found in <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-uB4AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA309&dq=%22Deckard+rifle%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj30Jexm9jjAhUEVN8KHV7CAZYQ6AEIXDAJ#v=onepage&q=%22Deckard%20rifle%22&f=false">Captain Wm Edmiston's estate.</a> The appraised values are noted.<br />
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"One blue broadcloth [coat] and linen jacket £150...One pair of leather breeches £75...One great coat £150...One horse £600"</div>
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In addition to the probates of men who were killed at the battle [I highly recommend <i>Washington County Virginia Will Book 1 1777-1792 Abstracted & annotated by Jack Hockett & indexed by Donald Helton </i>Iberian Publishing ] claims were also made for items lost by survivors (a few of the more interesting ones are included below).</div>
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<a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P-nw1hjzKSQC&pg=PA1071&lpg=PA1071&dq=james+curry+estate+inventory&source=bl&ots=R_em_wECcI&sig=ACfU3U00qL6MRIU2C-_x02gtiqzy3xndsA&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi7jN7cxNjjAhVjT98KHfd2DecQ6AEwC3oECAkQAQ#v=snippet&q=blanket&f=false">Annals of Southwest Va 1769-1800 by Lewis Preston SummersWashington County p116-7</a></div>
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"Agreeable to an Act for adjusting claims for property impressed or taken for public service- The following claims was ordered to be reported to the General Assembly.<br />
<i><br /><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathaniel_Gist" target="_blank">Nathaniel Gist</a> heir at Law to Richard Gist one rifle gun lost at Kings Mountain 11/6d<br />Lattice Laird Executrix of James one rifle gun lost at Kings Mountain 6/10d<br />Jeremiah Alexander a horse 13 hands and one inche high seven years old 12/18d<br />Robert Hamilton curing Thomas Hobbs do <br /> Wounded Soldier 2L<br />Robert Hickinbottom a horse Saddle bridle and blanket 11/6d</i></div>
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<i>James Cock twenty two pounds and a half of dry Beef and three and half pounds of Bacon 11s/3d<br />Charles Cock fifty pounds of Venison 4s/2d<br />Charles Cock fourteen pounds of Bacon 10s/3d....</i></div>
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<i>p1119At a Court continued and Held for Washington County September 19th 1782...William Edmondson for Saddle bridle bagg two blankets on pair of Leggons- Continental use 5L/6s/6d</i><br />
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Many of the Washington County men seem to have been armed with rifles. Draper's Secondary source <i><a href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924032752846/page/n191">"King's Mountain and its heroes"</a> </i>makes a point to mention that many of the men were armed with rifles by "Deckert" or as we know him Jacob Dickert, of Pennsylvania. Dickert's rifles were known in North Carolina in years prior as discussed <a href="http://ofsortsforprovincials.blogspot.com/2019/08/notes-on-18th-century-rifles-in-north.html">here</a>.</div>
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<i>"Mostly armed with the Deckard rifle, in the use of which they were expert alike against Indians and beasts of the forest, they regarded themselves the equals of Ferguson and his practiced riflemen and musketeers. They were little encumbered with baggage — each with a blanket, a cup by his side, with which to quench his thirst from the mountain streams, and a wallet of provisions, the latter <br />principally of parched corn meal, mixed, as it generally was, with maple sugar, making a very agreeable repast, and withal full of nourishment. An occasional skillet was taken along for a mess, in which to warm up in water their parched meal, and cook such wild or other meat as fortune <br />should throw in their way. " ( </i><i><i><a href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924032752846/page/n191">"King's Mountain and its heroes"</a> )</i></i><br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOlCTCET1DbgvXbQsAtwq0nVbZeifwFQuW2wu6aEe6IfKNt3icUk4v5pPgTQ-VU8X3-hX29eqDCWrQZu6QwAnL_BzMU9TO4wTVzqSJLTG1nGn5MqgbOty1T-iTnyirgV0eimlftEmVt2EX/s1334/Screenshot+2021-08-13+at+12-37-37+Revolutionary+War+Era+Jacob+Dickert+Flintlock+American+Longrifle+Rock+Island+Auction.png" style="display: block; padding: 1em 0; text-align: center; "><img alt="" border="0" width="320" data-original-height="343" data-original-width="1334" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOlCTCET1DbgvXbQsAtwq0nVbZeifwFQuW2wu6aEe6IfKNt3icUk4v5pPgTQ-VU8X3-hX29eqDCWrQZu6QwAnL_BzMU9TO4wTVzqSJLTG1nGn5MqgbOty1T-iTnyirgV0eimlftEmVt2EX/s320/Screenshot+2021-08-13+at+12-37-37+Revolutionary+War+Era+Jacob+Dickert+Flintlock+American+Longrifle+Rock+Island+Auction.png"/></a></div>
<i>A Jacob Dickert rifle with a four-piece box. <a href="https://www.rockislandauction.com" target="_blank">Rock Island Auction</a></i> </div>
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This notion of Dickert's rifles being preferred by the "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overmountain_Men">Overmountain"</a> men from Virginia is backed up by at least two of the surviving (sadly restocked and altered) rifles with King's Mountain provenance being signed or having a family provenance of starting out as Dickert's work. The Edmundson gun at the Muster Grounds museum in Abingdon is signed "J. Dickert 1773" on the barrel and the also heavily modified- Robert Young rifle known as "Sweetlips" at the Tennessee State Museum has a <a href="https://www.bcyesteryear.com/node/626">provenance</a> that mentions Deckert being the original maker.</div>
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J. G. M. Ramsey’s Annals of Tennessee (1853) mentions that the Patriot forces at King's Mountain were “well mounted, and nearly all carried a Deckhard rifle,” “so called,” a note elaborated, “from Deckhard, the maker, in Lancaster, Pa.” ( quoted from this <a href="https://www.immigrantentrepreneurship.org/entries/jacob-dickert/" target="_blank">excellent article on Dickert</a> by Scott Paul Gordon)
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At least one Washington County, Virginia man named Banning was armed with a "smooth [bore] gun.<i><br /></i></div>
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<i>"At a Court held for Washington County, April 15, 1783: Present — James Dysart, Aaron Lewis, Alexander Outlaw, John Lowrey, Samuel Newell. Gentlemen : </i></div>
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<i><br />"Ordered that Benoni Banning be allowed for a mare the sum of six pounds; for a saddle, one pound ten shillings; for a bridle, six shillings; for <b>a smooth gun</b>, two pounds; for a bell, four shillings; twelve shillings for a shirt and wallet; for a pocket-book and nine dollars paper money, six shillings, he having made sufficient proof to the Court that he lost them when he was wounded at the battle of King's Mountain." </i></div>
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The Pension application of Abner Lee <i><a href="https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwiKwOzb0ejmAhUCwFkKHdw8BwYQFjAAegQIAhAB&url=http%3A%2F%2Frevwarapps.org%2Fr6257.pdf&usg=AOvVaw3-cGmwR4TMO5XXNy4a03r2">R6257</a> states that " The Company in which I served was of the Virginia Militia: We were footman and was <b>armed with Rifles mostly but had muskets & shotguns generally as we owned them before we started. </b></i><br />
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<i><b> </b></i><a href="https://www.gannett-cdn.com/presto/2018/10/19/PASH/78042d9d-b8d9-4490-a1e2-ae18624f04f7-Daniel_Smith_rifle_at_Smith-McDowell_House_Rob.jpg?crop=2738,1540,x148,y0&width=1600&height=800&fit=bounds" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="450" data-original-width="800" height="180" src="https://www.gannett-cdn.com/presto/2018/10/19/PASH/78042d9d-b8d9-4490-a1e2-ae18624f04f7-Daniel_Smith_rifle_at_Smith-McDowell_House_Rob.jpg?crop=2738,1540,x148,y0&width=1600&height=800&fit=bounds" width="320" /></a></div>
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<i>"Old Tom" at the Smith McDowell house museum</i></div>
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The <a href="https://www.wnchistory.org/smith-mcdowell-house/">Smith-McDowell House Museum</a> in North Carolina displays a restocked smooth bore shotgun that belonged to North Carolinian Daniel Smith<i> </i>who participated in the battle.<i> </i></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhjrEAiFxp7JRo1JGIKzKplWkep9Y__5sLAqn2M8rQQHk0lJW_pRtgeP9xnbTnGn2kK1HmnmdrUyFKM4KRDq9ENdjtdFXTZY3gIkecgK4c3wEqi7OzdmIzsjZaOhkErjfeRhvmJE5UM-F48/s1600/isaac+shelbyitems02.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="319" data-original-width="442" height="230" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhjrEAiFxp7JRo1JGIKzKplWkep9Y__5sLAqn2M8rQQHk0lJW_pRtgeP9xnbTnGn2kK1HmnmdrUyFKM4KRDq9ENdjtdFXTZY3gIkecgK4c3wEqi7OzdmIzsjZaOhkErjfeRhvmJE5UM-F48/s320/isaac+shelbyitems02.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<i>Isaac Shelby's canteen, horn and hatchet</i></div>
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Charles Bowen's Pension application ( <a href="https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwiK6Zqd1ujmAhVhvFkKHZAVCigQFjAAegQIBBAC&url=https%3A%2F%2Frevwarapps.org%2Fs16055.pdf&usg=AOvVaw28RCleI2NS1oaPtOoDKeCg">S1605</a>5 ) mentions that "friendly fire" almost cost him his life in the confused combat during the pitched battle <i>"-declarant [Bowen] stepped behind a tree, leveled his Gun and shot the first man who hoisted the flag among the enemy and immediately turned his back to the tree to reload his Gun when Col Cleveland advanced, called on declarant for the countersign, which declarant did not immediately recollect, nor could he give it. <b>Col Cleveland instantly leveled his rifle</b> at Declarant's breast and attempted to fire, but the Gun snapped. Declarant jumped at Cleveland seized him by the collar, <b>drew his tomahawk, and would have sunk it in Cleveland's head if his arm had not been arrested </b>by a soldier by the name of Beanhannon [sic, Buchanan?], who knew the parties. Declarant immediately recollected the countersign which was “Blueford,” [sic, Buford] named it and Cleveland dropped his gun and clasped Declarant in his arms." </i><br />
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<a href="https://www.nps.gov/articles/images/kingsmtn2.jpg?maxwidth=650&autorotate=false" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="196" data-original-width="250" src="https://www.nps.gov/articles/images/kingsmtn2.jpg?maxwidth=650&autorotate=false" /></a></div>
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<i> Arms artifacts <a href="https://www.nps.gov/articles/battlefield-archeology-at-kings-mountain.htm">excavated at King's Mountain by the NPS</a></i></div>
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North Carolinian <a href="http://www.carolinamilitia.com/memoir-of-major-thomas-young/">Major Thomas Young's Narrative</a> of the battle mentions his painful lack of shoes and his "large old musket": <i><br /><br />"...After we had fairly got on the Mountain, I heard a great noise & voices saying, Col. Williams is shot-I ran to him- his son Daniel had raised him up; they ran into a tent and got some water & washed his face so that he could speak. The first words he spoke were "For God's sake, boys, don't give up the hill." We now had the Enemy huddled up on the top of the Mountain; they whelled to fire a platoon over us, some of our men ranback, but I was too much fatigued to run. They fired, but without effect. They soon hoisted two flags & surrendered. I had no shoes, and of course<br />fought in this battle barefoot; when it was over, my feet were much torn and bleeding all over."...The next morning we were ordered to fire a round. <b>I fired my large old musket, charged at the time of the battle with two musket balls</b>, as I had done every time during the engagement; and the recoil, in this case was dreadful, but I had not noticed it in the battle..."</i><br />
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<a href="https://www.pagunblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/BeelerMusket-204x512.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="512" data-original-width="204" height="320" src="https://www.pagunblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/BeelerMusket-204x512.jpg" width="127" /></a></div>
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An iron mounted Dutch musket that has a round lock and at some point appears to have been retrofitted with French style barrel bands is on display at the King's Mountain visitor's center. This musket has a family provenance of being used by Jacob Beeler at the battle. According to <a href="https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=6&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwiQi4yQru3mAhWCq1kKHXMICSYQFjAFegQIChAC&url=https%3A%2F%2Frevwarapps.org%2Fs5277.pdf&usg=AOvVaw166tyHCRwYE6YKylYKrSqN">his pension application</a>, Beeler originally hailed from Virginia, and removed to the Holston river in North Carolina around 1770 and volunteered under Captain John Pemberton to go against Ferguson in the King's Mountain campaign.<br />
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For further reading of primary sources, I highly recommend <i><a href="https://books.google.com/books?isbn=1625844255">The Battle of Kings Mountain: Eyewitness Accounts by Robert M. Dunkerly.</a></i></div>
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Jimhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07469147287637455019noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7471550270150187285.post-85000678855443893372019-08-22T07:51:00.002-07:002021-03-20T19:22:52.011-07:00Notes on 18th century Rifles in North Carolina Early references to rifles in North Carolina are somewhat rare, and completely absent from <a href="http://ofsortsforprovincials.blogspot.com/2017/12/north-carolina-militia-arms-1755.html" target="_blank">a 1755 list of arms used by the coastal Hyde County militia company of Henry Gibbs</a>. Below are a few scattered references that I hope to add to as I find more.<br />
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<b>Moravian Rifles</b></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_B0tO7ZZL79Kb1YFoyzU67aPcab245IlzJbPS4rD8nerwvHrtYq4qvaecb0xg8WDKXXZFapSb9nv3p9cwlFMk_68MciSuEhkiu90EiRSknP8mNbbhsHg4dRF_PmnUumBo8Sj3hCo-dQhyphenhyphen/s1600/E_M_Full_Right_email_2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="132" data-original-width="640" height="82" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_B0tO7ZZL79Kb1YFoyzU67aPcab245IlzJbPS4rD8nerwvHrtYq4qvaecb0xg8WDKXXZFapSb9nv3p9cwlFMk_68MciSuEhkiu90EiRSknP8mNbbhsHg4dRF_PmnUumBo8Sj3hCo-dQhyphenhyphen/s400/E_M_Full_Right_email_2.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<i><a href="http://americanlongrifles.org/forum/index.php?topic=49282.25" target="_blank">Edward Marshall’s Rifle-</a> further discussion can be found <a href="http://www.erickettenburg.com/Site_2/Part_12.html" target="_blank">here</a></i></div>
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Moravians arrived in North Carolina from Pennsylvania to establish a settlement and industry at their land termed "Wachovia" as early as 1753 (<span class="style_5" style="line-height: 15px;">first establishing a village at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethabara_Historic_District" target="_blank">Bethabara</a> and subsequently <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Salem" target="_blank">Salem</a>)</span>. The <span class="style_5" style="line-height: 15px;">community included gunsmith Andreas Betz,
his apprentice Joseph Muller, the gun-stocker Johan Valentine Beck and
locksmith/gunsmith Johan Jacob Loesch (Jr.); who are discussed in Eric Kettenburg's excellent article <a href="http://www.erickettenburg.com/Site_2/Part_11.html" target="_blank">Moravian Artisans in North Carolina</a>. Having local gunsmiths did not end the importation of Moravian made rifles from Pennsylvania (likely due to the demands of other projects in the new settlement):</span><br />
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<i> "1757 May: Sundry Accounts...Dr ye Locksmith (at Bethlehem) Abraham Steiner for a Gun for Jacob Steiner in Wachovia. £3.10." (<a href="http://kentuckyriflefoundation.org/krf-store/" target="_blank">Moravian Gun making of the American Revolution</a> p. 24)</i><br />
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Kettenburg's <a href="http://www.erickettenburg.com/Site_2/Part_11.html" target="_blank">article notes</a> a <i>"<span class="style_5" style="line-height: 15px;">1758 request to
provide Betz with his own gunsmith shop (separate from the smithy)
indicates an increased need for repair work, possibly amongst the arms
off the Brethren themselves but also very likely amongst the increasing
number of 'strangers' utilizing the services of the Moravian tradesmen."</span></i><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimVGXrfWxV_1uGJuCT7oK2rJXoykb2M0Qas6kQeEoOT31JpugzpIszGMMDULRiSCZM42E-WDpDC5_xnDIPsbQa5pIVsiKCJZCteQ37VqyNgeL-EOUXd188SzedXFnhxwetqBqZexlMo_16/s1600/nazcrop.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="108" data-original-width="622" height="55" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimVGXrfWxV_1uGJuCT7oK2rJXoykb2M0Qas6kQeEoOT31JpugzpIszGMMDULRiSCZM42E-WDpDC5_xnDIPsbQa5pIVsiKCJZCteQ37VqyNgeL-EOUXd188SzedXFnhxwetqBqZexlMo_16/s320/nazcrop.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<i><span class="style_5" style="line-height: 15px;"> </span>Christian Oerter<a href="https://www.lehighvalleylive.com/nazareth/2019/11/made-in-the-nazareth-area-revolutionary-war-era-rifle-stolen-in-1971-is-recovered-by-the-fbi.html" target="_blank"> rifle made in 1775</a> at Christian's Spring, Pennsylvania</i><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7M-OPo557xWB6KUh2bt4d8j23zS6CVkSzhZIMBAEJHCj1s1ySvx1DCFahrNAAAZK-JKQbVMVRJ_4n2y1M3eOqVkWHtb_l3Oqx8U6xupejv_CLDmVVUt2HSmsHpNL9DtbChoamBfQj56mX/s1600/rifle-2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="640" data-original-width="956" height="214" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7M-OPo557xWB6KUh2bt4d8j23zS6CVkSzhZIMBAEJHCj1s1ySvx1DCFahrNAAAZK-JKQbVMVRJ_4n2y1M3eOqVkWHtb_l3Oqx8U6xupejv_CLDmVVUt2HSmsHpNL9DtbChoamBfQj56mX/s320/rifle-2.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<i>1775 <a href="https://artdaily.cc/news/118025/244-year-old-rifle-stolen-decades-ago-is-recovered#.XcA35NV7kdW">Oerter lock </a></i></div>
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Arthur Dobbs mentions "thirty men on horseback armed with muskets and rifled guns" in a <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-vIxAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA781&lpg=PA781&dq=men+on+horseback+armed+with+muskets+and+rifled+guns+and+upon+my+demanding+whether+they+came+as+friends+or+Enemies+Loosh+answered+as+friends&source=bl&ots=L_m7IXEufY&sig=ACfU3U1wTu1vhrwFHv5AmqsNDDYWC5wVdQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjmjOuczJbkAhWFd98KHXQrA7IQ6AEwAXoECAkQAQ#v=onepage&q&f=false" target="_blank">1762 letter from Brunswick</a>.<br />
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<b>War of the Regulation</b> </div>
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The <a href="http://docsouth.unc.edu/csr/index.html/document/csr07-0342" target="_blank">Journal of William Tryon's journey</a> to Hillsborough<br />
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<i> "Deep River Camp, Fryday 16th Sept: 1768.<br />Parole—Hillsborough.<br /><br />The Guard upon His Excellency's Quarters and camp guards to be furnished by the Mecklenburg Battalion and to mount as usual.<br /><br />The
Captain of each Company to inspect the Arms and Ammunition of the men
and to see that the lead that was delivered to them is run into bullets
of a proper size for their rifles. As this is an essential duty the
Governor recommends it to them to observe it with great punctuality, and
make report to-morrow morning of the condition of the Arms and
Ammunition to the commanding Officers of their respective regiments who
will make report of the same to His Excellency to-morrow morning before
the Troops march."</i><br />
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An account of the battle of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Alamance" target="_blank">Alamance</a> in 1771 (SC Gazette May 30, 1771) mentions Regulators <i>"Sculking being Trees and Bushes with their Rifles loaded..." </i>Rifles were present on the side of Governor Tryon's forces as well, and <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AFNKAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA420&lpg=PA420&dq=No.+of+Guns+Lost+in+the+Expedition+out+of+my+Company:+2+Rifle+Guns,+prissed+%26+Appraised+to9/0/0Robert+Wells%E2%80%99+Musket+lost,+valued+to2/0/0William+Boarin%E2%80%99s+Musket,+valued+to2/0/0%C2%A34/0/0DAVID+HART.(The+above+Accounts+have+been+marked+out.)&source=bl&ots=GyoCuVdgY_&sig=ACfU3U1gMVNS__0XGrXr5MUJWp_HC7TaqQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjU_5aQ1pbkAhXmzVkKHa4LA_8Q6AEwAHoECAEQAQ#v=onepage&q&f=false" target="_blank">compensation was requested for several rifles that were lost in the battle</a>.<br />
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<b>Pennsylvania sources</b></div>
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In an <a href="https://ofsortsforprovincials.blogspot.com/2012/07/i-recently-saw-this-excellent-graphic.html" target="_blank">older post</a> I discussed the flow of goods from Pennsylvania to the Southern back country via the great wagon road (vs the water route to Kentucky via Fort Pitt). William Sample Alexander operated a wagon train between Mecklenburg County, NC and
Chester County, Pa. (tip of the hat to the <a href="https://1700scarolinaclothingproject.blogspot.com/2019/05/seeking-out-worldly-goods.html?spref=fb&m=1&fbclid=IwAR0itJPfSp1xZ2ZxeTorYLNxYoI4LX4uUoxuX86xbSOQs74yOlLA_s6RyYI">"Clothing the Carolinas" Blog</a> for posting the link). Two entries from the <a href="https://finding-aids.lib.unc.edu/01504/#folder_1#1">William Sample Alexander Diary</a> (1770-1778) provide some interesting info as to the possible source of a 1770s rifle manufactured in Pennsylvania that was purchased through Alexander and delivered to a North Carolina customer (these two may be different purchases but I suspect the pricing discrepancy is from conversions between currency in North Carolina and Pennsylvania.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjHg4lFZXM060QAoMJj5XgDaxJkQ6e2mDPvmtkm8Idn5J5XNDvKRs0NNlc9Clo9eIxbiFQqnMVr5TNwKFF2s49v8pQrDaPEDVmmpPxJvwpl7cZ-lVQUf6P2YxHeASJ1xm0LRGBIacmtWf_/s1600/pg+51+detcrop.jpeg.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="349" data-original-width="975" height="114" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjHg4lFZXM060QAoMJj5XgDaxJkQ6e2mDPvmtkm8Idn5J5XNDvKRs0NNlc9Clo9eIxbiFQqnMVr5TNwKFF2s49v8pQrDaPEDVmmpPxJvwpl7cZ-lVQUf6P2YxHeASJ1xm0LRGBIacmtWf_/s320/pg+51+detcrop.jpeg.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<i>"For Capt Jas. Alexander1 ryfal [rifle] gun </i></div>
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<i>3 feet 7 Inches Inches long light and handy received 4 dollars-" </i></div>
<i><a href="https://finding-aids.lib.unc.edu/01504/#folder_1#1" target="_blank">William Sample Alexander Diary #1504-z</a>, Southern
Historical Collection, The Wilson Library, University of North Carolina at Chapel
Hill.
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiNXV_FRaqI3I0Gzlf8gxgfe_FUFfcyAI2pWHL628nj9O9GOtWrYEcDGjfDPqG948I0z_xUweVWDEeOALdHa8_pEgrUmOOhKOGCPGeE3LyZnOKLVt2ctuk293qL2cvA_mVvyo0RApwI2i3J/s1600/scan+40+det.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="262" data-original-width="960" height="87" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiNXV_FRaqI3I0Gzlf8gxgfe_FUFfcyAI2pWHL628nj9O9GOtWrYEcDGjfDPqG948I0z_xUweVWDEeOALdHa8_pEgrUmOOhKOGCPGeE3LyZnOKLVt2ctuk293qL2cvA_mVvyo0RApwI2i3J/s320/scan+40+det.jpg" width="320" /></a> </div>
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"...4£ 10/ to dickert for gun..." </div>
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<a href="https://finding-aids.lib.unc.edu/01504/#folder_1#1" target="_blank">William Sample Alexander Diary #1504-z</a>, Southern
Historical Collection, The Wilson Library, University of North Carolina at Chapel
Hill.<br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKIewqiMth6ORaoviw170soTx-OLs3RHE8ZC28hoI76-oz6W5zmJPV2aQ6qXv5w6J6nkzRhclFiyypUIU-zRRpib4VTyxatTcQVGxhSiLgLx4ENE56-QVVDS677Rc35-SH8YtlAOrOOP04/s1431/rca50+two+sides+color.jpg" style="display: block; padding: 1em 0; text-align: center; "><img alt="" border="0" width="320" data-original-height="465" data-original-width="1431" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKIewqiMth6ORaoviw170soTx-OLs3RHE8ZC28hoI76-oz6W5zmJPV2aQ6qXv5w6J6nkzRhclFiyypUIU-zRRpib4VTyxatTcQVGxhSiLgLx4ENE56-QVVDS677Rc35-SH8YtlAOrOOP04/s320/rca50+two+sides+color.jpg"/></a></div>
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<i>An early Jacob Dickert rifle from <a href="https://www.rockislandauction.com" target="_blank">Rock Island Auction</a></i></div>
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<i>Kentucky Rifle Foundation display of Jacob Dickert rifles <a href="http://americanlongrifles.org/forum/index.php?topic=55850.0" target="_blank">2019 Eastern Pa. Longrifle show</a></i></div>
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The Pennsylvania gunsmith involved was most likely <a href="https://www.immigrantentrepreneurship.org/entry.php?rec=180" target="_blank">Jacob Dickert of Lancaster</a>, a prolific and popular gunsmith. Dickert's career (and excellent full color images of the rifle shown below) is covered in <i><a href="http://kentuckyriflefoundation.org/krf-store/" target="_blank">Moravian Gun making of the American Revolution</a> p124-129.</i></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiCQXvo3L-zc1wdP8wsJ2SAAaPRIFN9FsY4tY2F6rDHdTUTQkTf47Sp1Hh5XPQOWXt6dbdeAfGxTui8K-ol0AO217GfHL6__6uHgDzhRQR5hlKa3RGjrHDhCDFcwoxQtPnMWv0VjoK5Xcwc/s1600/1208.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="174" data-original-width="471" height="118" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiCQXvo3L-zc1wdP8wsJ2SAAaPRIFN9FsY4tY2F6rDHdTUTQkTf47Sp1Hh5XPQOWXt6dbdeAfGxTui8K-ol0AO217GfHL6__6uHgDzhRQR5hlKa3RGjrHDhCDFcwoxQtPnMWv0VjoK5Xcwc/s320/1208.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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J. Dickert <a href="https://www.immigrantentrepreneurship.org/image.php?rec=1208&entry=180" target="_blank">Signature</a> on a rifle barrel </div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqLnRYElcbz6f3jkRaOBLQ0GzR0qw5rP43ew_iVq9X-xN2-7NUG312zZHZ6Ozrh2CeyWRwDSzTanyyEY1BULRN9a7eZyR6airQiV04bKuHGjax1DM55YBqxnnbn_inAUDV_JdrEGuwQcSg/s1600/RCA-V1_4_Dickert.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="510" data-original-width="800" height="203" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqLnRYElcbz6f3jkRaOBLQ0GzR0qw5rP43ew_iVq9X-xN2-7NUG312zZHZ6Ozrh2CeyWRwDSzTanyyEY1BULRN9a7eZyR6airQiV04bKuHGjax1DM55YBqxnnbn_inAUDV_JdrEGuwQcSg/s320/RCA-V1_4_Dickert.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<a href="http://www.cherrytreefamily.com/dickertrifle.htm" target="_blank">Early Dickert Rifle </a>from Rifles of Colonial America Volume 1</div>
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<br />Jimhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07469147287637455019noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7471550270150187285.post-9550985012962129352019-08-13T12:19:00.002-07:002023-05-12T11:01:50.301-07:00Glenn F. Williams Lectures<br />
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<a href="https://i.gr-assets.com/images/S/compressed.photo.goodreads.com/books/1486857562i/15807862._UY1000_SS1000_.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="800" data-original-width="800" height="320" src="https://i.gr-assets.com/images/S/compressed.photo.goodreads.com/books/1486857562i/15807862._UY1000_SS1000_.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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I recently had the opportunity to hear a lecture on Dunmore's War by Glenn F. Williams, Ph.D.; author of the excellent book "<span class="st"><a href="https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/15807862-dunmore-s-war" target="_blank"><i>Dunmore's War</i>: The Last Conflict of America's Colonial Era</a>", and found it highly informative and enjoyable. Williams did an admirable job explaining a murky and confusing topic. The author has a few additional speaking dates on his schedule and I highly recommend attending if you can.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">-September
12 6:30 pm, 245-year Dunmore's War Commemoration
Evening, John K. Hale Lecture Series, <a href="http://www.gilescountyhistory.org/" target="_blank">Giles County Historical Society, 208North Main Street. Pearisburg, Virginia 24134 </a><a href="http://www.gilescountyhistory.org/" target="_blank"><span style="color: #0066cc;"></span></a></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt;"></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt;"></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">-September 21 <a href="https://greenbrierwv.com/places/176/north-house-museum" target="_blank">North HouseMuseum Lewisburg, WV</a> </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt;"></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">-September 22 Green Bank
Observatory, Green Bank, WV (Fort Warwick) (more info TBA) </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt;"></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background: white; color: black; font-size: 12pt;">-October
10 11:00 am, "Point Pleasant to Camp Charlotte," Dunmore's War
Symposium, <a href="https://www.heinzhistorycenter.org/events/fort-pitt-museum-battle-of-point-pleasant" target="_blank">Fort Pitt Museum, Point Park, Pittsburgh,Pennsylvania</a></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background: white; color: black; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background: white; color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="266" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/psJ1Hgybfec" width="320" youtube-src-id="psJ1Hgybfec"></iframe></div><br /> </span></span><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><a href="https://www.heinzhistorycenter.org/events/fort-pitt-museum-battle-of-point-pleasant" target="_blank"><span style="color: #0096ef; text-decoration: none;"></span></a></span><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="color: black; font-size: 10pt;"></span></div>
Jimhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07469147287637455019noreply@blogger.com